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㻹ʲôԸ𣿡
ȵĹηάŵЩĿֱ̧۾
һųʯϣ̵ĵط˺ۣʯϲѪ죬ĪеһҲûгϣ̷ʹܣֻʧѪ̫࣬ʱֱĴ
ҲǴ
ụ̂ôСʱǰ˵Լѱͥ̾Ͱ졣
άŵŲֱۣۿſǸˣŹĸߴӰȥĳֿЦo
ټһ档˵仰ԼһϢ
С˵˵ܿ⸱ӡ
άŵ̵ЦЦ֪ġ
ԷĬƬ̣˵ûбĻҪ˵Ҿˡ
ȵȣ˵Ҳô
ƺЦһ£𣿡
һһȥġ
ܶ˶ô˵նûܻ
άŵԼҲЩһ˵ֻֻһ¶ԷƬ̼ŷķŭեĻҲʧѪԵʣͷΣƤͿҪճһ𡭡ܿ죬ǰӰˣսĹҲʧˡ
ʧȥƽ⣬ʯϵȥ

ˡ
άŵ˯оѣԼӴϵ˵ذϣһĻдͷ̨ơʲôʯʡѪ֮ȫˣŸɾ˯£ԼλסһƬڼž
ķų̵̺̂ƵĶе˯ڴǵĺɫСèҲѣŴɫ۾굽
άŵЩ£Сè˵جˡ
վıӼشϣ̨ƹλʱţ
ϴû°ɣ
û¡άŵεӦһεˡ
⾲ĬƬ̣˿ѹ͵Ц
Ⱥûĵġάŵû˵̨ƴ򿪣ߵڴͷһ
Сèϣһſ
һˣһȥάŵèë񡭡
ͷӵָָʮ㣬Ȼͷ׵Ĺâ̻֮죬Сèһ飬굽ӵ£ֻһӰ
šάŵ˴ȵػͷ⣬βŷӦˣǿ񻶽ˡ
һȥ棿ƿӣץСèֻǰצҡҡЦ˵ôˣŻɣ
СèצӣĨĨԼ굽á
ĵڶ񻶽ڡάŵŴ̻ڰ裬Ҫء
1
Ԫ1892꣬
һһȵĿ񻶽ҽС
/еĶٸԳ֣Խ̨ӣв㳡븥Ǵ֣Ŷ޳ķȥ
ǻǰеɫĻװ˸ڶ࣬Լʽװ磬װӷ׵Сų۵Ķ顢׵ʿŨױĨĹˡ˶Űߣű֯ĻһƬЦУߵɫֽʻ
ʱлӲʳĴµ˽Ӹš/й룬ʿǵĸͲñѾ˻꣬ŮʿǵȹںͶҲմȾͬķҷ
֪˭ñϵĲɫë䣬ŷɹ߳Ͽգһλʿϡ
Ӱ˹١µǽڲ㳡ĳϣ̨ӵķ
ԼժƬɫëָ俴˿Ȼɿ֣ڷвֹĲٴŷߡ
ڵĵطֵ/жԽ̨ӶڲԶת˸䣬ϷǰСҹ˶ʢװ硢Цųڹ㳡ˣʵѵһ
˺飬ǰǰкü߹һ/еĶ飬лһŵС˹ȫˣҹֻһһЩҵľԶԶž㹻ͶҪķѲپġ
·Ҳǿǻװһ֣ΪŴӰĺɫܱƷûжϵƷܶ˶Ϊֻǰһλ
뿪½ܱѾȥ꣬ǰãפ¹ݣȴ˺ܳһʱ䣬һ̤أҹ
¹ݵķϢһ͸͸ȴ֪طԼĿ񻶽ڡ

Ӳ㳡λÿԿ/жĶβھ̨ϵĴţġ˹ٴӳվȥڶ棬Ͼĵһο񻶽ڣûо룬ҲӦһ½յա
β㳡ʱѹѹñܣϢظȥ
ʱкܶ࣬Բû˭ע⡣֪ѾװǰҶװŹֵˣʱеĻҲñϣй˴Ӳʳ̽ͷӸһζ
˹ٽסǻ̧ͷʱ׻Ѿ˳
۵ǣֵŮܹߣɱعܵĹڵ
һһǰţһƬЦֵĺΨһһΧĻꡣ
˹ʱһѤõ̻ҹըˣǷ׷ͷȥݱӶҹյ̻ӳճĪɫʡ
˹Ҳ̧ͷ̻𽫽˸߳Ц뻶˳ڽֱפ㣬ĬĬҹһ
͵ûȥˣһ·浽޳/н»ᣬʵûǸ
ǣҪתʱǰĿĵƻȻһӰ
ɢŵɫݱӰֻһ˲ٶȱӵסȺɢʱعͷµɫ߱һ˫ƺɫ۾
˹ɲǼ佩סˣǴǻ󣿶ǣֱȷʵˣǾҪҵˣ
ڵѪҺڣԭشһ룬Ȼ˷һǸ׷ȥǰȺʵ̫ӵǸСıӰƬ̾ͱûãã˺УѵزȺԽһһ˳ǾĿƴȫǰܡ
ܿ͵Ǹ˸ղվλãʧĹˣİӰҰİЦ˶ƻģ˫ۣͬУһֱ׷Ѱٶʧˡ
ǰߣŲʱʱĿⲻΧκһӰ·ÿһС̽Сʱȥˣֱ˲ԶĶ޳ż
ⳡ/ߵ˾ͷȻûҵǸˡ
ھʿ̹ͣ½Ųŷ亹¡һ˲е𺳵ڻЩѾʼɣǲԼ˼ڲ˻þ
ϾѾ۲˾жеÿһˣûеɫĳûоƺɫ۾

һĹ¶ƣϯ˹ժñӣŽֱߵЪĿ׷ŽԶȥȺΧ̻Ҳٷˣ̧ͷ˸ڿе¡

Ƭ̺󣬴˹Сһˡ
Ǹɫ޶ŮźɫޱߣñͷϣͯСñһ˫ľƺɫ۾΢΢ĵɫɫ԰ס
վĹˣ/еĴѾԶ֣ʱϼˣΨһԲʴװεͣ·ߡ˶ֽмɫİߣ߹ȥ
ʣû׷
û׷Ů˵
ո/е;ҹը̻ʱ³ڽһߣվһϤıӰǰȺУǸӰӵʱʱ֣һС
ͣһ׷ȥҲСǸӰѲˡתĽһֱ׷˺Ӷ԰ûǸˣֻ۷·ϻ˴Ӷ¥һɫֽмϡ
֪ȥˣһֱԭصȺŮ߶һ¶մֽм
ȥ𣿡ʣȥμ᣿Ҫҵ˵֡
ǻˡŮ˵Ҳҿˡ
ᣬһ׼˵
ǵһܴ죬Ǹ˼ȻһҵڣǰĶȹѵõĿ񻶽ڰɡ
ȥ޳˵ҲμˣΧйһȻؼҡ
ִƥŵ𲽡
˹ΧѾڰžԶ޳ڲѡϷİձӳͨ죬ȺԶԶǿ񻶽ڵ۷ڡ
ʿ̹ʱ˹ǡ뿪пŵˣԽֵȥ
ҹ֪£ڶδԼҪҵˡ
лҪ˵Һһ_(:١)_ƪȻ̸ո¡

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񻶽ڳ죬峿ȫ˶ƣߡ
ߵӣ¥³ﴫһ쾪ѡ
ӴϱղجȫԺЩǡ
ڴϷһ֮󣬷ű죬ĹܼŶ룺ˣĳʦѿ¯ˡ
ҲᱻŵûΣͷץץҵͷ񻶽Ѿٶ٣ߵӦ𴲵ʱ䣬ǸСʦը¯ʱǰյøոպá
ܼ֪ͨ¾͹ȥ˵ӲĹϽΧ֮ڡˣ𴲴򿪴峿֮¼žͥ԰
Ӷ¥ϵĴȥԿͥ԰֮Ķƽţһ籸֮£ƥŵĲɫͣڲࡣ

Сʱϴϣ¥ͣһӾûɵſ
ȥμڵ۹ٰļᣬһΪ˺棬һ滳ŽǸˡ˵ʮ뿪᳡ص˼ңһʮ;飬˯һϸûܻ
ܼҽȿȺͿ˵ǰǿֽܼͣŷŷϡ
ôࣿ
֮ǰķݡܼҲôɰЦһ£ͻɲǹ񻶽ڡ
һһŶˣҲ˵סܼҹʱȺĿȱα˵ɣҽɲԲɻ
ܼ΢Цһ£԰
ȴЩëȻģ
ġܼƽص˵ͷȰѳװ޷Ѻ͹¿¯ǮôС㣿
ҧС֣ǰһڡλиԵĹܼƽʱֱ֣һС㣬;Բк·
ɿ뿪վֱżһɨȻ亱ر˵Ļһ̶ȥ׬Ǯˣ
·СġܼοЦţıӰһ䣺ҪҪǰСʦǵ
𣡡Ѿ۷ſ˵ܽɺóˡ
ܼң
ɡ̾ǵÿ콻ҳά޷ѡ

񻶽ڽĵһ죬Ҳ˹ʽ¹ٴְӡ
ŸϤ˹ڵĲԱжԷĴ䡣ȫİһʶҲûУ˻˽иĽʩ
֮ʱǰǳ̨ʥ˵ù㳡³ӱߣźӰߡ
ٴĸٰ˹Ǹʮˣǳɫ̷ݣ˵ᣬȥˣĹ١
һֱ˹١µǵʵ֮һǰ˵ԷҪ¹ְ˷ܵһû˯þʽϰ࣬ʳóμ˹ٱˣֶһȿȶ˶Էϡ
£Ҹطȥ˵˹ٲûƽذο䣬ڳμżǰֶ£ʵڲܹͻġ
ںӱ߶޻˹ֻԼ⡣
ôʡ
˹ٳĬһŴ𣺡żҲ뻻طסڰûʲô˼
˹ûеɣȴ˵˹ٵ䣬ʮ½ʮʱһСģս۵ʤʮξʮʱѾΪ½н
ⱳҲһּ屳ҪľڶӢ½սеͳ˧ȡʤƾɫľͷԡǿ쵼ȼ飬һһõ˽ĵλ
۽ΪǰѵһľšʵΪصĽ֮һ
ǾǰȻȥнְ뿪½תܱšʱһٶһƬȻְǣοѸ߾½н֮λҪǷʵƫƫΪ֪ʲôĺ
ԭӵзǳδֻҪ½˵Ͻ֮λ½Ԫ˧λýҲĪȴƫƫѡѷһİܱš
ǣȻ˵ˡڰûʲô˼Ļ
˹ûʲôĻʲôдˣ˹ٿһۣ΢ЦЦ㲻ϲ
ǡ˹һţԾ˵ʵʵһֱܳ羴
ֵ˹ٳԾˡ
֮ԼӣΪ˹ӣԼϣ¹ݡ
¹ٴĹĹûѵµսԾࡣ
ҵʺԼĵطͺá
˹̾˿ллһʡΪʲô뿪½
˹ƺ΢Цһ£˵Ͼ˺ܶ࣬½°ס
ǻѻǰùƣǰ޿ײ룬κܶᱩ¶֮¡ȷ˵˹ٵ壬ʹսѿеõϢûκ⣬˺ǲ٣δ˼һܺãǹǰߣҲӦܾ
οʮѣ½߼᲻ˡ
治ɫ˵˻ѻ˹ʲô취ֻǿЦŸͣѽԣҪ
˹ƫͷЦһ£ǱԷַӦЦġҲ֪ŵɻᱻʵȥڡ
Ǹʧ˰ɣ˵Ҳһְľˡ
˹˵ᣬʲôɡ
˹Լɣвʡ˵˹뿪½ܱʱ²Էսְܱ뾯ƣϵĸܼ᲻١ңȻְλͣڰԾĴԵÿءһӦûа첻ɵ¡
ǣ£ȴȻְܱųλӶҪˣ뿪硣һʶûУȫǸ޿ͨˡ
ΪʲôҪ˹ȫ޷⡣
ѵ˰裿

ʱ뿪ѧǾͼݣǰȥʾּš
ͨĵǱĲţҺŻʱ䣬ѡڸĽйһӡֻĳţ߸ͻŶӣԤķ֮һûɡ
Ϊʲôÿ춼˸ﰡʾִڸǰ·ʵԱԹ
ȡ˼ĹҺŵվݣЦеػͷʲô
ǵģûȥ𣿡
û⡣
ӺʵԱһΰ˿ϵĿƬģ
ûǼӼʵԱ֣ʶ㵽ڣյﶼܶѳһɽˡ
˵˸ʲôأ̾ϢһƬתûдϸļļַ
ûУ˸һдסַ
ֵǣʾڵľֵȥˣֻܿ԰衣
ллƬ˵ϲصİ
߳ʾ֣ų¥ȷһʱ䣬ŲȥȲеֵʼһʵ۲ˣؼңҲ֪ͻʲô
СϣȻü˭һ£عͷһ·İվ
Է䵭۷۲߷Σա
һݣװµģ
С㡣ЦЦ복վôߣ


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סꣿ˹ʡ֪ѾߵǹȴȻڼǸ⡣
һֱסȥ˹̹ʵ˵ֻ׼뿪ꡣ
ǡָǻʵڸ󣬾ݰ˹˽⣬˹뿪ʱûдȥܱųְ񣬲ǣǻʵ۲ôǡʵǶشЩذ衣
ˣΪʲôҪ
ʱһƬ߼סլ𶫰ķ֣ԵøΪ壬סլԴԺСͱΪǮ˵ļլѡ˹ʣ벻ⷿӣ¹ݵᵽ̫Сˡ
¹ʩȫĵ˼䣬סܷ㣬
Ҿûá˹ƳƬסլʱûⷽ뷨
дٸ˵ʶķн顣˹˵
һദһʼĽȥ˲١˹ٲЦʱԵ÷Įʵȴǳ˵иҪº׽ûаӡĳЩϲѹˣͥȫǸʿ
Ȼ˹뿪ԭ˷ѽ⣬Ƕ룬һֱ½죬ʼڰ裬ô˹ôл˵еľأ
˹١µǹ£ʱֱһ
ǰӵһΪѾԿب̨˹ͣ½Ų˵۷ɣҪǰˡ
ǰʲô˹ٲ⡣
ǰǲǵĵˡ˹عMarsͲ֮䷢üеطһֱͲ̫ƽǴƷûǲҪȥ
˹ٳĬƬ̣MarsĴ֪ԴĶĺڵ֯ĺڵʵۣ˰衣ʲôûǴĻǲǽ̻޵ļ޵꼰ӡ/ҩŷһڰķˣûʷеˡ
ǽķǷװ֯˹˽󣬱ͣ˵ǵܳж/ҩԾ֡
ж/ҩ˹ЦǸˡ
ԭ·ߣ˹״𣺡˵/ҩ֪Ķ/ҩѧ𣿡
Ȼ֪˹˵ѧᴴ֮˶/ҩѧĳǾˣʱǵĻ棬һЩס
˹ٹעȴ⣬ʱ/ҩѧĸ᳤㻹ǵ𣿡
ǵá˹˵ĬС㡣
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˵˹̽ʡ
˹һ£Цˡ
ôܣ˵ĬС㲻ͲǰҵһԲμӹ񡣡

ʱһ֪ķ֮С
ʹ֮ǰƺڲһƣһƵϿ׼ݣ˺޷Ӧʱ䣬ûʹʧȥʶ
ಱӣ̧ͷøߴĻ͸¡
վһ£ϵĲʣʶٷ˾Ȼûнǵߵ˼
ɽֻһ˫Ĵţλε󷽣ʱţй©
ŷ죬侲һͷԡľ֮ǰ·ǸˣصʾָһСϣֵȻ壬ʱˡǿڹ컯֮¾͸ʩаܣΰȻѾֵز
Ǹ˵׺飬ܾ鲻ô򵥡
ϹȻɵģֻMarsˡ
ԾķǷװ֯ŵϺŵֻңһMarsǲǡMarsѾãϵӴŷ޶պľܱ𲻾ãȣԱҲֻʮ·ƫڹأϲҹ
˵£ǻѡҹжMarsù˼ô࣬Ҫʲôֱȥþˡ
ֻǣMarsΪʲôҪ
ΪΪɫܣMarsڲϵܣԳᡣǵ֯ɷ൱ϸ񣬶޴ĸʩǱֹģһСǶмƣMarsҲȻô꣬չȥ˰衣
һʲôҪԭѵӪĲ鱨йأԴӽ鱨ĹһֱǳСĵԼ٣Ӳ¶סַۼŶ˻εĸȥʾְʵԱνġ鱨ݡںδ
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ֽǺ޴ӦһԡŲӽţĵؽƿһ㣬ԼԴܹȥ
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лһֻСһȾܣûܳӺȻ˾סȻͷֿĮ}˵
ЦЦؿȥ
û˵˸ղһֱǽվţŰ嵲סλǣȻû
еѩѣһֻС̶һ˽õϣ΢Цţֻ㼸⡣
ã̧ͷ۾
ҽаά˹Marsɲ֮һ˰£һʼԱš
ͷʵά˹֣Ϊ鱨ӣе鱨Ȼָƣô᲻֪Marsɲ˭أ
ĴУˡ
ֻ㡭ά˹ָ򦣬Ȥؿǵںϵ𣿡
ɫ΢䡣
ά˹۲飬˵
ǲˣ
лҪ˵
ллԵĵףҮ

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ľȻƬ̣ҡҡͷ
ղԺMars鷳ĺܶɣû뵽Ӱά˹һ仰
𣿡ά˹۾ղŵķӦϵ
Ҳʶ˼طҵ
ά˹ֳȤΪʲô
Ϊ鱨˵
붼룬λMarsĸɲһٹһʱ䣬ĳԲΪ鱨ݣ鱨ӪҲסˡ
ά˹ЦЦǾ֪ûô򵥡

ںһҹǰլۡΧǻεһСʱߡά˹ͷڲ/ǹֻϰԵĶʩʲôѹ
ȷʵû˿ǻ棬˵ʶҲģ̇ͷںΪʲôƵƵլۡҺܺ棬ѵһҲûУ
ãȻ
ѵ˵Ϊ鱨ˣ㹺鱨ά˹ЦЦԸдţΪĵͷ֮һ֪ܲ粨鱨ݵķ
Ĭһ˵˵ˡ
ά˹̾ϢһС㣬ҲΪѡ鲼ŷ޸أ鱨ݲǵĴڣѾصʱ̣պں㡣Ȼ㲻ˣܷṩһЩõأ
΢ЦһḶӦı꣬Ǯ⡣
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ˣ̻ѾõĲ²õ֤ʵںʶʲôɼլۡȴֳŲ̤һ
鱨ҵ˵֪Ըȥһˡ
⵹ǲά˹㿿αҲ㲻ʶںںȴϵ㡣ǲһԣϢɢȥ᲻㡣
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²ĿǲںһMarsֲ벨ǵĳͻңеʱзܱòҹѲ̨ҲûֹҼȻά˹мƻ̲¹أݵ㾭仯ں١
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΢ЦΣڣ游
֪游Ѻܶ࣬ЩҲѡά˹Marsŷ޵Ҳܹ㣬˵ҵĿǺں˺㡣
ЩйĬһ£˵Marsǲ۸Ů˺С𣿡
ά˹˿⣬˵Ҳ۸㡣
ˡɫ԰ףȻ˵游ѾȥܶˣûˣҲûѣҲû˻Ϊĵģɡ
ά˹ɵˡ
ǸʲôܳԾ˭˵Ҫɱˣ

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ղ̸/ҩѧĬС㣬ԴӰ˹˹پͺȻ˵ˣĬ֮á
Ϊ˴ֽ֣˹ѳζҳһ⣺˵ӢŵɭĬѣ
֮⣬Ϊ˹ٴĬСΪӢŵɭĬСӢŵɭΨһá
ȷһЩ׽ӰĴԣ˵ĬС㲢ûȻִԲţ÷紫ԣж붼ǺߵģμӹĬС˶ۼĹʬѵʬ廹мٵģ
˹ٵĽŲһͣĿ⻬ҺѾˡ
˹죺Ϊʲô
һЩ¡˹پʹԼԵɣеȴ޷Ρ
ӢŵɭˣǶһص裬סǧҪκιϵ

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˸տʼֵЩ֣֮ڽŵʱ䣬һͷû
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ά˹֪ԼΪMarsֲ죬δ֯ɷеߵĺֵһԼĵ׼Ե˵ȻҪֶβ̺飬СŮԣʹñʱ򻹵ʩԮ֡
ά˹һֱŷֵ׼򣬲ƾʩΪһֵĽ
첢ûжʩԷʲô⣿
̫Ѩ̧ͷǱŵˣһ¡
ά˹վ̣˼һֽڼ̳ǰһ߶һ룬ѵԼôˣ
תż̳ϷĻһ˵ʵ㲻ô£ҴӦ㣬ںйأҲ˺㣿ô
ιȥûش
̾˿ǺںͬҲҪģҴСŮֵġ
ûش
ά˹Щ֣תȥһˣԭϵȻѾûתƵűȥˣһţߡ
ά˹һ͸ȥûüߵһ޶˻
һһֻС̶һൽԼǰ
ðƤЦⲻЦװ
Լĺܿװ
ά˹ٴνϣ𵶵棬˵ߣҾͽ
ɥصͷ
Ϊ˱ſ̫ά˹һλãţ̳ܾͱȻҪߣ׽סǲܵġ
ίһ֮󣬳Ժ棺Ǹںûң𣿡
ά˹˽ҹҾͷ㣬ȥȡ鱨
Ҽ˻ᵣġ˵ҵĹܼӢֲҲһ˵
ά˹мѵܴùңҼǸܼңݵе˶ֵһᡣ

Ҫˣһɫơά˹ȭͷ죬һǻŭ޴йֲ֣ܶи˹һ١
Ȼʼϵ߲ש
ά˹ɻؿʲô
ѡһȽİש˺ôٹͷ˵㲻ҪȻҾԼ
ʵȽά˹ߣҪשĵԷԴϺЩѶȡ
ά˹һֿɵϵһǰ
϶ʱʹשӦأ˼顣
һôͲܰһ㣿ά˹˼ҪҪɴҲʡʡġ
ʱôſڣ¶ϲɫɣ
һʱ֮䣬ά˹Ҳ֪ĸˣȻתͷȥ
õ˫ţǰյģӰûС
лҪ˵ά˹·Ҫũ
ллԵĵףתԾ

5

ά˹ʶԼƭˣ̻عͷ
˺ֱҲ޷λã΢΢һЦеǹ
ίȫˣǱһˡά˹ͫǹڣķӦͷԣĶδԷѾ
ǰǹǴͳģ滹Ǳά˹룬ԼȻύһ޺СŮϣʵԸġ
֮ǰһڣԤеľʹûеȡ֮һʹ
һζĲҺǹһά˹ʶס˫ۻհʹ
㣡˲䷴Ӧܻץһ£ֻץһѿ
˵ˮϴϴ۾˿˼ȥмȸԾ
ά˹һѷסԵĳ˫ʹ׽Ūʵ̫ûӣºݻ´αҿ㣡һĲš
˵ʲôԶԶƺѾܵ˽ſڡ
һÿܶӣά˹̾˿ظһ顣ſŲǲָ׽סˣҪҵˮԴϴ۾
˼룬˵͸Ͻȵά˹ײײǰʱѾܳȥˡ
ά˹˺ôϪˮߣˮϴ۾ǹҺˮ࣬˺ϴξͲֻ˫Ȼʹ졣
ȻϪЪ˿Ƿˡˣå·ҲеЦ
һ뵽¶ǸЦݣ־ñֽٺҡ
õĲһˮǹǹˡڽ̸ʱֹһαԷɱôҲܻڡ
̫ˡ

λߺķһ۲⵽ؼңãִϰ˵㡣
ŵȲѾȻرʱңذҲЩˡ
ڽӲó̫Լıھ׵ĵط³ɫ߻ȥ˳ּС·Ƶϲ࣬ûϴ;òԾֱľӳڰ֦ҶڿŽźüյƣЩӰڻζ
ǰķ˳ӭҲòô̡ʹܹ߰˸Ӱȥʮ
Ժ˸ελöĹ۲Щˡ
ɫϿų/ǹȻܱ
ȷ֮ǰƵģǰʮˣŵⲽʣµųӳǹվڣǰľһģܱվֱʱ̧ͷĹˣ˫ƺܹ͸ڰľеӰ
ԷϵҾ˺˼ȷܱ֮󣬲תķߡ
ΪʲôܱΧ鱨ݣܱ޾鱨ݵҲڴɡҲϢַ˭棬Էܱ˽𣬵ǼȻЩܱӦֱӴȥǡ
Ȼ֮һֻܱſڣ
ϵյǰʼļԼסַʱĴǡʼԴҲһְʾ
ôһ룬ά˹͵Ϯһ١
ʱѾֻٴλص·Ѱҳȥҵõס˵ɻᰲźüеһУֻҪչ˺Լ
ǣܱܵ˰跽Ӱ죬Ǹ˵δҲ̫ˣж谭

ص˹ҵһһõ꣬˯һ
ڶһշתԼıŵֻܱʣǸģ˻ڣֻ̫Ȼسǣƽһǰѧǵľͼݡ
ܱͼһһ㣬ûͼѰ鱨ݴҹڶò˼飬һҹδ飬ȴһ㶼ģ峿ʱʳĵСʦһţܱظȥȴֻȥһ˲гԺܿͻؼˡ
ܱ˸գѰɽгѯ٣΢Ц˵ҼСԶˣڿҲ׶ء
ܱƽճȥĵط˵ȥٸҿɣҼСǸϵĻͽÿ춼ȥʥ˵ô
ܱʥ˵ôöһڣӰû
ҪΪܱ޹ʶƽʩѰһ١
һʱȥ鱨ݵĴʼܱء
ʱ佫ͷʣµ߷ŶظϣΪܱſظͻɢȥȻ֪ذңЩ˻ͦԣʮȥȻڿҿҵţһҪ뿪˼ûС
֮һǰδе⡣
ϵǮˡ
ѡùס޻һÿͶܷʢһʳ޷൱ɹۡϵֽ𲻶ֻ࣬סһ¡
ؼȡǮȻܣ˵õֲԸ⣬Լ˻Ǳʾ޿
磬ƾ֤УԼ˻׼Աϸչ˻ź̧ͷ˵
ܱǸС㣬˻Ѿˡ
лҪ˵رù

6

߳ʱ˻Щ£ԷңܱΧ鱨ݣ˻ն·ĿĽǱع
ڲܻȥ
Ͼһˣޡصõ꣬һ߷ֽһ룬޷ʹκǿֶΣֻЩ԰ɾ޷ͷҲѰ
Щܱǲǡݺͻնαģǿ٣һǼλܱ֪ˣץסֱ֮ӽͻذ衣
ڵĵ֮ǾһݹȽʳ⣬취
õϢһ죬˳ӱֽ˽⵽ļϢڶգǰһͼݲԡ
һγҹͷһξ˲ʹʧܡ
ͼݵϹݳԽӴ˵ҵģһܰʮĽ׳Сӡ
ΪʲôƸϢд
Ϲݳժϻ˲ʹˣԲãҾ·
磬ȥ˱ѡıԱ༭ְλֻҪմߣӦ
ȻһҲ˲ʹʧܡ
ԽӴ̸ʮӺ󣬶ԷȻ˵ǰڣʡ

֮Ǳǲ裬Ƕͷˡ
һյȫʧܸգϦʱһ¶ݳͣʹͷԣҲ̫ʡϾͷȻֱ
Ȼÿȥʾȡţ鱨ݵĹȻ񣬵ȱɣѱ֤ڶʱ׬ȡ㹻ʳ޷ѡ˵鱨һͨн׽Ǯ˻ᣬԼֿһ˻Ʋ֮Ȼᱻᡣ
ÿͻֱʼֽҲǲУһٶ̫գǹҺҲֽܱ֤ľ԰ȫ
˼ȥֻһǮĹʱƣȥѰĳЩͻİ
ŷ裬浹ӳϼǰһݱֽԶʧˣֻѾڱֽҵ˼Ŀꡣ
ʱһֻɫСèӽֱ߻̳˳ǵز˲䣬˿ֽϥϣСèһ˫۾ֻצӰأ쳤˲ӿϿտҲĲ̡
Ȼίһ
ͷëɵֽһݰˮļ⣬صгСιԡ
Сèʳһ٣϶˺ð죬Ȼ˳Žֵߣһʹ·ߵĹľʧ
Сèʧķ˰ΣȻվܣղһ˲䣬Ȼֱעӵĸо
һƬƽеֻǲߺѰʳͣ˾

ͷսǴڷµܵűߵСè
ԱˣЦЦһ˫ƯĴɫ۾ͻֻèͫɫʮ

ϵëὫŻص棬ԺҪĴܣҲ㱻֡
Сèɵͷ
סʯǽð̽ͷٿһۣ±ջա
ӡͷСèЦ˵Ҹôźã

ڶ磬ȥһұԱְλֵУԱ༭ݲݽ緹ȥѧԶ̵Ĺ
һ⣬ȫʧܸա
㣬һ쵱ů͵ʱһҿȹݵ¶λϣǰһöձӣͷɡûͷƵſ̱ţҲûʹľܡ
ЩƸһԺȿСӡҲԼǴûصϿĵزϰܸɴؾܾΪʺϸһС糤Ƕͦ⣬ȴͱһҪڲ֧н̵Ĺнˮʵ̫٣ġ
ҸȻôѣſһֱ˲ͷҪһ㡣
ȵҲŮŻ
Ϣȥͣùݵ̫µʵڼһ¡Ӻ߳ڽֵб濴˷פ¹ݵĴš
ĽŲ˶١
Ѿ꣬ԳһнȻģ¹ҲİׯϵĴʯȸһֵѹȸУֱվ࣬Ŀбӡ
ȥǰʱȥҲṳ̂¹ݡȻȥȻûҪ죬¹һһרƷ̵ֵ꣬һ䡣
ʶԼǮջ˽ȥ

СʱضװʳƷͺƣǮѾȥһ롣
ʣµǮŻס߰õ꣬ҲܾܿҪȥͷΪ
ɫϾվ̵ǰ˼һԼĴʱע⵽Ե¹ݹ
̵͸Ĺ֣һЩڳ뾳ߵĹʾĿģ۴һʾ
Ƹ£¹ٴƣļһҪΪʿͨＰôֻļȡŮޡܹ߿н2000ͼᡣʮ֮ǰ׼֤գϵ¹ٴ˹ξ¥305ң
վڹʾǰ˼룬ЩԼ۾
Ƹ£ֱΪƵġ


7

˹С㣬ǰˣ
˵гŴ֤ϰߣҲװڰ˳ά˹͵Ϯʧһʼıûжʧ
쿴¹ݵƸ֮ùݱ֤ڶŵһȥٴţӭ̬º͵İ˹ʡ
ǵġش
ΪʲôҪ˹йµʡ
ٵ˵Ϊ˰Ѽ˵ĿƲŵġ
˹¶˼ɫ뵱ȻΪν˵ĿָǱƻһ顣
ʲôĪ飬ЦƬ̡
֮ǰʲô˹ʡ
ѿһҵ꣬ҲļĹ˵
˹ƺܸȤꣿʲôĵ̣
ЩҩƷˮʲôġ˵Ǽҵڰ衣
˵ʵǶ/ҩѧµרֻ꣬˹Բ뵽һ㡣
ɣҺͽҲǰˡ˹ЦЦʽĸϢ¼콫ȥŻûϵʽְʱܼˡ
Щ죺˼ǡ
˵ӦƸְλ˺٣޼֮ǰұӹڵ˹ء
ɣ
û⣬ǳ㣬ʹôֻļЩ£ǳѧҲܺܿ֡˹ЦţҶ⣬֮ѯʽסַһᾡȥš
ֽдùݵַͷţܾ˳ţҲ֮ǰʧ̫ˣѾеʧȥġ
л֮뿪˹дϢĲϷ˹ٵİ칫ϡ

ĵ㣬˹ٻص¹ݡ
´´αϣЪ˿һƣ淦ƿɳ£¹ٵ൱УΨһͷ۵ĹҪ˵ĽϵףʱٲһӦ껰һȲμһҹĿ񻶽仹Ҫˡ
һ۾ĿͶϵӦƸϡ
ǼűֽϣԼ˲ó֡
˹ٴαۣεǣ۾ϸ
ɫ£ֽǼȻûб䡣
Ǹ֣һϤĲܹȫһ˲ëֱ亹¡
ɫҰ׵վŵֽдŵַ
˹أ
Ǹİϡ
˹ٴƬ̣ҵƽȣϵ亹ҲȥȻʶϽ˲ֹһֻͬɺϡ
ҲһʹԼǰϡ
ѵ˵
ɲʱ򣬰˹Ц˽и׵ˣҰϷˣ㿴
δ˵꣬ע⵽˹ٲ԰׵ɫ𾪵飬ģ˼Ϊµ˹δ¶ֱ顣
ŵĶסˡ
˹ԶֽЩĸȴʣʲô֣
ֻдӱ˿֣ܰģȷĲԼþ
˹˵˹ء
˹̧ͷס˰ɣʲô
˹һ˺ü֯ԣе۾ɫģͷ˵ǳɫǲɫ
˹ٲȥˣкȻӿһֿϲ뱯ӵĿɬУԼ޷ơľ˾Ѱ֮ĵطഥֿɼ÷ǳ˵ģҲȷʵǳˡ
ɲ֪ǲΪϲùͷԼıһֺɵıռˡ
ַӦ˹ȫͷԣֻ̽ʣʶ
˹ٳĬã岻̫ãǲǣ
ȷ˹˵ǲ˵˥Ĺǿʤεġ
Ȼԡ˹ϣʲôʱ
ͬ⣬͸дţְ֮
á˹ٵͷ
˹겻ᣬܿ˳ȥ˹ٵϷ˺һ˼ƮǰİԺһμĵط
ʱӢŵɭͬһİ棬ǰӢŵɭѡʵȥԺȥҲٻˣڰΪеЩڵ罻ֶΣһԡһգŵ˹˹ԼǰԺġ
̨ϵĸѾĻʱȻİ˵ȴ˻ϸͱĸ뾫տݼ˶æ˽罻˹·ŻԱСΣʵͶ뾫̨ŵ˹ڡ
ǿ̨ԺǸѵĺõطһֱܰŵ˹˹Ȼ˵ˣ˫ĺɫ۾ЦĬڶ棬ûп𣿡
˹̧ۣһŰᣬѰֿѵӰ
ûпĬȴһˡ
žƺɫ޶ſڶƽ濴Ÿ磬ɫĳ΢ɢڲ԰յ࣬ݾµǱܣһ˫ͫ·˳̶
˹˶סе̧ͷ˫۾ϯϷʱܵ˴δеĲ
Լʹַ·𿴵ħ
ûע⵽Եŵ˹Цһ¡

Ժ˹پͱòˡԴʮʽ罻磬׷һһӣ˹еɰ֯ĸʣʹħܹ׷˵İ˹ٳս⣬ڰ˼ĴҲȿûлӽֻԶԶһִδе㡣
ʼ겻ᣬʼʣһԿƵķ̳ŹÿһܼĻᣬھ˺ܳʱĲ֪֮һ¡
ѾħⱲӶѡ
¶ĳ֮˹ٷƽõһдδذϹһˣǵһΣҲΨһһΡȥԣþȫȥȡʹʧˣٲڡ
ȻȴԸᡣ
ǰĶҹ߻ص裬լۡǰŵ˹
һΣŵ˹۾ﲻЦ⡣
ˡŵ˹ñ˵ġ

˹ٷ·جоѣץסһݰסǰֽֽıԵԼ壬æַſ֡
˲ϵ亹סȻϸȥϣһֲ©ġ
ʱҵڵסַ
лҪ˵ҲܵĿơ
ллԸôQwQ

8

ɫһ˹پ˹סùݡ
ùݶ¶쿧λ£Ҫһȡûùݣδ̫Ƿǣڰ账ͬһϵĻ᲻ʮΣ񽻻ҲֹһΣǻ֮ȴδ˵
˹ȷǷǵã˵Ƿϵˡ
ķ204˹޷ȷǸӦȴֻĿڶ¥ŵƵļȴ֮䲻ٽֵĴӶɴȻΣֻһͷűɫҺ塣
ΧǵƻԵʮůȿҲЩ˹ȴסǰǸĶҹһһҹ
߾ϢСǳе£Դĸ䲻Ϊ͸˹ٵȻܹһΪǰһܻ
û뵽Სôأû뵽Ს
ŵ˹Ǹجĵʱ˶ˣƺѪҺҵǰľת
ףΪʲôԼһûнһ˳ԣ˲跹˼ĵزʧ֮Ҳ֮ȥĵز˽ô򶨡
ƲˣһеʱѾݽȥˡǰбϲٻԼƿ֮УԴ޷Լ
©һߵĹâһʧҲһ
˹ٺٶԱ˽Щ£˶Ϊʼٸߵŵ˹ΪԼǷˣһʶˣû˻ȥԼҲ⡣
űḧɱȵڣ̧ͷڸղţ¥һյ
ǵƹ˺þãȻ

Сʱ˹ֻص¹ݣûлסȥ˰칫ҡ
칫һ̨ѶʯĸӦתŷ޸صĹҵҪʯԴϢ־󺱼ĸӦʯ䲻ᱻģȴҲʮ
úʯĴѶֻŷĳЩеŻ䱸۸ʮְ󣬺ڴٶȺܿ죬һѶ裬ֻҪʱ䡣
˹ٽһŰֽ봫ѶֽڣͨԶڰĳͨѶ·һ֣
Һҵˡ
˼յظƬ̼һֱµָתһֱ֧ʡ
ô죿
һʽ棬ͬµݣҪҪ˵ƣ
ȴ˸ʱ䣬ѶٶѾ㹻죬Ծɸе͵Ľơ
װʶһֱӢŵɭֿѡǰάŵġ㲻޹Ҳȷʲô̬ȡ
˹סˣûٻţڰ칫ǰֻ˫ֱ
Է˵һһѪ飬Ҳǿҩ˵Ķʵ˹پ
ҲǼ̫ûϢʮӺ󣬶Էִһ仰һֽһͨѶĴװֽϣҪ⿪صǡ
˹ٿֿɬЦһ£ص֪ˡ

ǰ¹ϰࡣ
ʱסùݣûж٣Ƚռطľļ׻ϴ·һ԰˹罫֮һĲԷ
˹ٳʱֻ˱ӰûǰкҲҶ࿴ǿͣºǵԼЩʲô
Ψһȷϵǣ񻶽һҹڽϿ˾ǲĻþ
ӽŵ㣬¥Ұ˹˹˹ٵİ칫ǰ˵ʱ࣬ٴûжİ칫ˡҹһ칫ңǶط̫С˵ķ칫
˵ţ˻Ӧţ˵ЩӰź°칫ң·䡣
ű˹ƿһ죬òӹŰ֣ƿҪ˵ڵʺӲҭ˻ȥ
˹ɫװڰ칫һ˫ɫ۾ſڣĴ͸ӳĳļӰ
ĬĬؽŹϣͷһİ˹
˭ʡ
˹١µǽ
۾Ϊʲô
˹εؿһѹ˵ʵ˵һʼҲܾȡʵˣǰ뿪ܱųְλܵ¹ˡ
ڵľݲ룬ż𾪵鿴˰˹ΣȻ´š
˹ȻԾǸ飬ûжһ
̽˵á
Լûʶ˵仰ʱжɫж԰ףѾܾûŵζˡ
˹ٵ΢ɲһ£ƽȵػش𣺡á

°칫ռ칫ҵһǣļ񣬾˹ٵλôԶ̨߲ơ
ϸоһ£˹ٵǡóɾʮȽǣƽܴ¹۲쵽ԷʲôҲɹȴţΪλûǺܷġ
ֻռٱ˵İ칫Ҳ׵Ӧò̫á
˹ٲڷ䣬ղŶϤһļļȻ˵³ȥˡ
žֵֻϾƬ̣˿ӰɫҲ
˼״ʱ䣬˹ٵĵһۣǾ㤣ΪӢŵɭ
ڰ˾֪˹ٺӢŵɭǼҪõѣѵ´ûд֮ģ֪顣ĵһӦǣ˹پȻһӢŵɭڱ
ƽ֮־òô£¹ȫɺϡ˵˹ǺεݣӢŵɭȨƣҲڽܱų֧׽á
˵Լ˽˹٣ΪԷڱӢŵɭɱΣäĿΪЧ
һжɺϣղżʱķӦʮƽƺʶ
ֻڰ棬ûʽ໥ܣ罻һƬۻҵĽɫβֽԡȨڶ࣬˺׻ǡ罻رƺΪĬС㡱Ҳôر
ˣȻϵ˹٣˹ȴʶҲ
һ

ʱ¹̨ϣ˹ٿ˿Զƽߣ°ڱ紵¡
ӳģʹ濴ȥƽԼ֪Ǹٶӣƽ߾Ҫˡ
һν˵ҲǵһôؿûԶѾܽˣȥֻԶԶţ塣
ǰİ裬Լܹά侲ߡǣľͿ֮Ҫƽܡ
ҪԴһȻµػصǼ칫ҡ


9

ڰ칫ҶԴ˻Ͱģ˹⣬ֻǶƷġ
ȥЩļһļ߸ߵذڷƤ㣬żҲֻð˸Ӳȥá
ڵҲֻܹļеĵײѣӺܳһӻò˼ζûɹʱźȻˡ
˹̨վ˶ʮӣֱȫƽţһ۾ͿڵϹļУǸļѾа¶˸棬ŵ˲䣬֪ǲ£Ӿص
֪ԼӲסԱ߶һ£Ӳ䵽ڵأصġ顱һ졣
˹˶ˣĶӿһһ嵽ļǰʶ˫֣ˤ
ʵӺܰˤҲʲô⣬żͷȥ΢еֹ졣
ɫǳ԰ףʲôš
˶˰ӣ˹ٺȻʶԼӦȣæɫҲջȥ֡Ƭ̼䣬Ѿָ֮ǰֵȻı飬ڵϵļУ򶨵ض˵Ҫʲôá
һ˵鷳úһ
˹ٵͷһ־͹ļ㣬óصļУûеݸֱӷİ칫ϡ
ԺʲôŻòĶֱӸ˵˹ûп
áһͷˮĿصԼϡ
һʣµʱ䣬ڷļжȹһϵĴֻòʹ˹ʼհǰ֪ڿʲôһ仰ûٶ˵

һʱܿȥ
ѾƤļȫһ飬Ҳ˼ļ鵵ĹûʲôѶȣ˹ٱ˵Ĺ̸ϽգԼ¶ԼٸŶ
ôһΣʱ䵱Ա˹ٿļݣôֻ֡Ȼڿʼ֮ǰ˹ٺǿһӣ־ΪԻ˶ӡļһ仰ʱͣ˺ܳʱ䣬ֱ̧ͷż˵ڶ䡣
Դֻʮ˹ֹ⽫˵úֱļ׫д룬˵϶Ĭʱ˹һͣ
ܸ𣿡ʣ˵Ļ᲻̫ˣ
ܸϣᡣæ˵
˹ٿһͷ̧ͷҸո˵Ķˣ
ֽһ仰һ飬˹ٳĬƬ̣ԻĽ˵ݡ
Ĵֹظ֮˹ϰˣļٶȲһ˼ĻԱٶȻģÿһʱͻͣȿˮͬʱҪϢһ¡
֯ǳڣΪ˼·ϲ˵ôΨһĽ;չԼ顣ͿڹʱԴʮܵ԰˹ҪСһ㣬ȥôĮԽӽ

ڶܵһ峿˹칫ңԼ϶һڵĺ衣
һ£İ칫˲ڣҲһ衣
Ϊ飬飬ȴеܳǱҲûҺȡ
ֱһڣлֿڵķʽ̫ͻأֻա
ܶ峿ںһʱ̤칫ңԼ϶һõĺ衣

ҲͰˣ˹ٸݲô£
糿ƽʱʮӣɹǰò˹ٵϡ֮˿ûж˵ʲô
ϣԾǱƽʱʮӣȴٴηһ²Լϡ

˵Ĵ֮ˣ˹ϲ˯Ҫ˯ء

֮˹ҲʶԼĽֻǱԽԽ磬˷ΪĴ㣬˺ÿ糿ϰǰӲŵÿζܿһȵĺǡ
һºܿȥϰ¹ݵĹ࣬ʱ˹ÿ˵Ļʮ䣬ֱϧʱͰ˹٩٩̸һľǼӣһ칫̼Ĭ˽⼸˵Ļ
죬ȥûʲôͬԣҲʮ꣬Ĳ
磬¥°һµĴӡֽͼļ¥ļһصİֽ棬סߵ¥ʱѾеԲʱ֪ĸ۵ײһ£Ųһ٣òȣļжʱž˵ϡ
ǿһײԼˣ˴һɫװĸߴ룬¹ݵĻޣ֮ǰһΡŶһֱǽߣ⵲˵·ôƫƫײǹġ
ݺݵһۣԷһ˵ЩʲôûжΪ˹٣˸ղڱ̸߱ʲô顣
˹ǰֵ΢͵һ㣬ʲôû˵ĬĬȥЩļС
ŸռһļУһֻﱧŵһӡֽ˹Ѿĸ첲
վű𶯡˵
Լʣµļȫһת˵ҡ
ļзһ档
һŴӡֽһֱļУʮɣõ칫ң
ͷ
˹ֱλޣתٴİ칫ߣȥ
µǽεغһ䣺һû˵ꡣ
˵ˡ˹ٻͷ俴һۣЦЦִˣ´̸

һ·ص칫ң˹ٽµͬʱЩգղַӦˣֻǰᶫûʲôǾ仰Ǹ̫һ˾е̬ȡ
˿µˣֻǵɡ
һֱа̾˿װµӣת˵´ôĶҪԼãҲھҰ˹æ
ͷĿЩ
˹ٲҳʱߣִ뿪˰칫ңֱߵ棬ʶԼŲûʲô£̻ȥԵֻ̫֣վվ
һһֱαװԼʱʱԻ¶ЩУǸìܵˡ
֪ԼαװãֻҪһͻ̲סժߡ
ĬĬ˼Щ£˹Ȼذ칫ң⿴ֵʣվʲô
ûʲô˹ٵ˵͸͸
˹
лҪ˵˹ô_(:١)_
Һıѽһ㶼һдûǶõˣأ

10

¹ϰһ£Թע鱨ݵ״ܱûߣճصֻʣˡ
оϴһЩ鱨ʾÿһĸ鱨ݵţѡȽҪĵӽ£ȥͼݵдżĻءǰû˻Ҳµģ¹Ա忪˻ױᡣ
Ϊ˱Ⱪ¶٣ǻţʹҲȥһЩɵĵطȻ鱨ݹ컹Ҫϰ̫࣬๤ֻܽӼĵӣҵһˮ˺öࡣ
ɫѰһ»ʳٴǼݣһǧ桢һһЩ㡣
һ߳Զһ߿ҹҹ̨Ӿɫ˿񣬻ţӳŵƻǹ⡣
Ȼʲôڽű߲˲䣬ͷȥһ˫̱ʯƵèۡ
㣿һ£²ӣűߵĺɫСè
Сè۾ؿ˳ؽһ
Ϊʲô㣿ٸ߿˿ַϥϣҵè𣿡
СèϥվֻСצӰ棬Щʳ￴һ˫۾ת
ЩܳԡצץСèһԴ˲֡
һСèİô׽
ֻèëɫ󣬺ܸɾҲо񣬶ûʲôģȻܣȥȴġ
һҪһЩèܳԵĶȴȻ΢һצһƣȥѸٵתˡ
Ἰʹ·߻УǱ˭һ˻񣬺ȻĹ߰һ
ͬʱֽǵĳӰ˻ȥСʧ
ֱһֱ˿ӵĸоȴµʱתͷȿߵǸˡ
Ȼ˹١
ԴɫƷǽֱҵһůɫյı£龹ȻԵʮͣɫ͸ᡣ
Լһǿˣæվ
˹΢飬ʣҿ𣿡

˹ѾԹֻҪһ裬档
װɢʵǸġǾôĲ͹ݾôңʹĲôҲѭŴ·ҵ
ûã߽һƷ˲һɿӺ決ɵĿﵰ⡣˹ٵǰֻһˮͺȻؽǰ
뿪ûüʲôʣʳ𣿡
ҡͷᡣ
ҪҪ΢Цһ£ҽƺеࡣ
˹ЦݣβƿĿ⣬á
Ƭ̵ͣٺ˵ʲôѣԸҡ
ʲô⡣
ûˡ˹ٵĿͣڱ𴦣ʲôҪæģøҿ
õġЩܳлл
УԴǲǲ̫ã
ĬĬ⣬ȥӣҲǵ֮ǰʧܵԭ֮һ˹ᵽ£̲סеš
ԡ˵ڵĹûġ
ǿԼ˹˵˾ͻϢƽʱҲûô¡
˺þãһӦ
һʱ޻˹Ͳ棬˳Ŀﵰ⡣
ִıƤ֮ڶ͵Ŀڸɢд΢΢Ŀࡣ

֮󲻾þ͵˻칫ҵӣڵ°칫ѾúãԭĴ˹ٰȥȴһôӡ
ͺá˵ڿŷŶɡ
ٴ࣬Ӱ칫Ӧ涨ʹŲҲᱻջأ˹ӦҲУŵңҲԷŹȥ
˹ٿһۣҪİ칫𣿡
Ŵֻ֣Ҳֻ̧ۣҡͷ
Ǿȿš˹˵
°칫ұ˰ֿ⣬ƽʱʲô˳۵ĶҪȽϴĿռļʱҲʱȥСʱ˹ٽԼԭеκҲ˹ȥЩûʲôã߻¡
ĳݣ¹ݶлΣھ¶˰˹
һһģŻܵ˹ϡ
е㲻һһ̽С˵˼ҳ̧Ǹܺ˵ˡ
ûʲôӡ˹ܸ˿˹٣Щ
еʲô
˹һͣΪһԹߣһжú˹ٶƺչͷƽղУ˽һֱ
ΪٴΨһŮҪرذҲǿ˵ùȥǡ¹ϰĵһ𣬽ı־һֱ֡
ʱҲᴦ룬ܿͻὫԼ˼
أô˹ʡ
Ĭһ˵ǳ̣
ַ˼ҳϵ飬̧ͷ͸ܵĿ϶˶һƬ½ǡ
ȻȥˡȻһЦݣ԰˹ӻ֡
ţҲˡ˹ͷĿɿߣϰʱ仹磬ôż
ѡõڱĿ˳鼹ѰȻȻתܵһ档
Ȼ˹١
𾪹󣬰˹εҸطȥ
˹վܼͷ˼ʲô˽Ҳû̫Ӧֻǵͷ
飿˹ûһ
Ҳǡ˹ٵ˵ǣͽˡ
Ȼܰ͵о˵赭д˹ð춼û
ղ˵ʲô˹̧ͷǺȻʧһ
С˹еظһ飬̡
̣˹Цһ£ɫ俴ûʧ䡣
һΣֱ簲˹Ҳ̲סʼˡ

ʱ䣬Ҳûţдüȥʾּĳռ˶ʱ鱨ⲢҶһӰĴͻЩҪôȨƵĹ壬Ҫôǳưһĺֵܱ֮ʩѹ
ҪŪʲô󶯾ֻҪĳͻæôܱųɡӢŵɭʹҲֻʮܱųĺϵοֻ΢㣬ܱȻɶ鱨ݵļӡ
ץסͳˣµͻذ衣
찢鷿ɨǸ¾ͻٵ¯Сʦ¥ܼûˣȥг
ȥɣǮ𣿡ͷ˵궫ͻȥطҲǵļѾɶˣǻҪ־衣
áСʦͷ˵ѾôˣĲҪ
ҪȽϰȫɼϵװƷ롣
Сʦٱ侲̬ȾҪת¥һĻȴĿ⡣
ܼȵָ棬㿴
ɴǰתߵߣ΢΢ü
ǸʧܾõģܱˣԸصܱ˵˼仰Ȼһȥ
֮ǰôֻſǱ˼ӣȻһȫߣҲûǰ油
ǰΥĿ
Сʦ¶ϲı飺ǳˣ
ɵȴɣܱȻֿܣһĳԭ˶鱨ݵļӣѾҵ
ڻû״ȻӦø˵ʱ
лҪ˵¹ճСأ

11

ĩ¹ݾٰһһȵľƻᣬȥԱҲʿǰμӡⳡƻ㲻ʽԽʺͷΪּ־ƻᡣڰ裬ֽʻÿ춼ھУԭûʲôȤҹŵӴѧǹʱеЩ
糿¹ǰһܱܱȻҲȴûκηӦʱ鱨ݿŵܱѾˣǰտյǰɷżáûŻȥһǸ壬Ҫٹ۲źá
ӴѧǻͨĵŸһܱǵ̸ԼMarsǡۡ
ܱæӦֵսԳɵĲӰ죬찣ά˹̬ڲõĽMars벨֮»һ

᳡ʳѱһգֻʣЩиˣˮǻ²١תתȥҲûҵܳԵĶ뿪һ˵ķʽȻ˵ǰ
Ӷ˹ٿɫкЦ⡣
㵵ض
Ҹոõģû˹˵԰ɣҪ
ллӹӣͽλ¡˹ûиҲһβμ¹ݵľƻᣬҪȥʶ̸ڸ˭˵Ŀ
ܾ龰ʶǻص˰罻磬ڰĸ־ƻᡢᡢϣȻµ͵ҲܳΪϵĽ㡣ԭϲʵΪܶ༸μĻᣬʼƵûڸ罻ϣЩ»ûףʼҲûǰ
ֻǴʱʼļľˡÿʿǰȥ裬Ǻ˵Ļһƣ˹жеǿҵĲ罻еĽͨȷĿģЩжҪ׷ģÿ뵽Щ͸еؿۡ
ⳡƻκܲͬûĬСͷΣҲû磬ô˵Ŀ⣬ֻǶӶԶġ
ʮ㣬᳡ϵƹת󲿷ѾϯʣµĶ˹Ҳ뿪ˣԵһڷʽһЩ֭׼ȥϢ˹ٵӰȴٴγǰ
Ժ̸̸𣿡˹ٱŹ˵
ûܾʵ˹ٶһֱº֪ͣôԺǳСʱڱֽϿġۣһЩƬе˹мη壬ӡֱҲûȫı䡣
Ա˿Ժ⣬˹ǰ̲סš
¶̨ϡ˹ֻܹƣûʲô⣬ӭҹ磬ʣ֮ǰ㣿
һ͡
ڿ񻶽/жҼһˡ
ȷʵμˡ˵
Ҵææģʲôˣ̽
ɫ䣬ֻǿȤĶ׷ȥơ
˹תתеĿվƱûм⡣
˵Ѿˡ˵һֱһ𣿡
мˡתͷ
˹һΪĻΪ
Ƕÿ˫۾ﶼһ¡
ǿԼӣΪʲôȻ¹ݣ
һЩ鷳ʱزȥƿĿ⣬Ծһеط˯Է
֮󻹻뿪
ͷһںͬԼʱ뿪鷳
˹鸴ӣкܶ໰֪ôӺ˵
ٴοǲǡ
˹ʵϳֻǹⲻ˵ʲô⣿
û˵꣬˹ֽһߣǰһǰ
Ļ޸ִ˲֪ʱ¶̨ϣɫǺ죬־壬·ȣŵİ뱭˴
˹ءС㡣ſ¶̨ϣܿҪƶŻˡ
Ȼڨģ֮ǰΪֻҪûӽ
˹üʾ뿪¶̨
ԺԶһЩ˹ֱӴ뿪˻᳡ɧ͸ҡ
ԭҪʵĻû˵һˣʱЩãȻ
ȥϢɡ˹ٶ˵
˿ƺ˵ʲôȴûڡ
һת¥ݡ

󣬰ͥ԰޼ݣߴĹľԺȻһˡ
սеļӿȥ˵
Ĵ˿ܱˣ
ѾˣӲˡ˵ԼҸһ
߳ժһƬͷմҶӡ
˳ȥҹ㡣˵ʲô㣿ң
ʱ鲨ǡ˵ʱ䲻̫ˡ
ɺܿе˼ףôģ
ڷ¹ҵһݹ˵֮ͬǰһһֱϰ࣬пվͻ鱨ݵĹ鷳Ǵͳһöŷݸµ˻˻һΣѾⶳˣҰǮת˳Ժ˻ϡ
ȥԼ˻ֲܱ˶鱨ݵļӣ˻ⶳˣҲ֪Ǳ߷ʲô仯ӢŵɭȻʱŹ
ɽӹŷͷ֪ˣһСĵ㡣
ˡǴԹľ棬¶ӣң¹ٴ
ɾӣ޼ݣ´ٷҾͲôˣֱӱһֱ룬ǲܱȱ˷Ҫá
ûҸԼMarsĸɲ׽һΣѸתߡ

¹ݸɻ°칫ļ˯ҲȫûϢЩӽΣ͵͵ȥЪһ
ԭɸʮӾԽԽСʱû
ĵʱ˹ĴѰͽ￴̯һݷļȻĿתݽǵ硣
ǰ͸ģԿģӰӣ˹룬߽ȥһ֡
ûлӦƹ磬Ȼ˯ˡ
һµĶѾܾˣҲʣο˯˹Ľȥ˯ֲ볳Ϊѵԭվվ
ԥƬ̼䣬˱¡
ܾãӡ󣬺ڰʱܲͬ
ڸԺһμʱ˹ֱǸѽӽˣڰĸֽʳϣ¶ЦݣֻڱҪʱԵ΢Цһ¡
ʱ˹پԼԶʲô
ֱʶʱǱˣһһж൱̰壬û¶ʵһ档ڣȫɵģһһЦȴǰ࣬Ҳ׽ӽ
Ҫǣȥԣȥ˲١
˹Ϊֱ仯еˣǰᲦձߵһͷָףСĴ
ʱ۾
лҪ˵

12

˹΢΢һһ
ʮ򾲣ղŸû˯š
ĬĬջ֣֪߬ȭͷǸ

֮˶ûἰ£һϰ°֮࣬ǰûʲôͬ˹ȴܾڹԶԼ
˳ƼĽӴ
һͷˮİ˹⼸֮ĹϵȻ䵭࣬ҲìܣһԴҲûȻ
ܱжƵҹѲżҲ˶ĳӰ칫ҵĴڿһܱפƬ̡
ĿǶܱתһսʧȴû˹ڹ۲

㣬°ʱһ뿪˰칫ңƬ̺˹ٴӴڿӰƺҪȥ
ƽʱ°඼ȻᣬԷٻʱš˹ԥƬ̣ȥ
β̨һţȻҪϲȥ
ôãMarsͲ֮ľҲţϲǲǵġءҲŻ֮䷢еҪҹҹѪ¼ܱΪ˼ǿѲӣûܽ⣬ֵ֮еʱ˼ƽ
ط㰲ȫһҹʱܳΪսľֻҪһ˵Ͳٳţܱ뾯ҲԲᵥƬ
ʲô
˹ٿҪ溰סǼ٣ʱһߵǰͣˣƬ̣ʲôæǽ󣬱ⱻ֡
ӹûκζסٴ̽ͷȥ
ʱ˴ӱһ¡
˽ӴһɲȻģעȫǰû뵽󻹻ˣʶˣҺеĳ²ֹж
عͷվǶҲһ𾪣·ķӦŵˡ
㡭˹پôסһʱ˵

˹ʶⲢʲôӰ/ǹߵ걳ƹġ
ߵǰ棬ָָڵһ澵ӣǸسЦЦ
öӷֻżԱߣǰһױ̨ΧǹͲʴһСӹҼҵߡʱöӿһۣǡɿٵ˹١
˹˳ָʾǱ߿˿׹̾˿
ɢ𣿡ʣɲɢĺõط
ȷǡ˹ٺָܿ侲˵Ϊʲô
Ҫ¡ɫ䵭Ӧòǵһθңϻ¶Ҿ;ú֡
˹ٳĬ
ʱӦƽһΪѾϵˡ˵ҷ㲢ûǣͲ˼飬ҽ¹ȻɺϣҲ⡣
˹ٵɫЩ԰ס
Ϊʲôң͸Ž䱸Ҫİ֮ĵˡ
˹ҲףΪͬദôǢϻİˡڻѣһֵεˡ
ȥǸĮֻˣǰӰӽиԺʱӰںϡ
ǿԼ侲ȴôãΪһܰѻ˵
żɽ˵ǲѰάŵĬ
һ仰㹻ˣλԭء
Σʣʲô
㡣˵
֪ݣȻҲ֪ԭ򡣡˶٣ģӢŵɭ޹أ׷˹
ô֪
ŵ˹˹˵
ŵ˹ģӲˡ
ԼҪûܹǿ뿪衣˹ٽһ䣬֪ںʲô

Ҹҵάŵ㵣ɱ߰ͻذ裿
ѵƽطʡ
ûΪ
ΪƿĿ⣬ǰܱųάŵ֮е¡
ֻܱﷸ˵άŵʲôﷸ
Ϊﷸ˭ЦЦĬլۡжҽ̽һָάŵɱ֡
Цݽɢο½Ҳ˶άŵ׷𣿡
˹һʱĬʹ˿ڡ
ʱΪ½нפڰһ½Э׷ӷάŵĬûİ˵άŵһʼܳɹ뷨ôЩʹڵҲͲᷢˡ
ҵĴĬòſڣʱӢŵɭڲûоԼְ𡣡

Ҳȷ˭ɱˡ˵֪άŵһ֣ӢŵɭָȫΪһ˽㣬ֲ֮ǰµĹ
е飬ʮƽȴתͷ
ʵϣһֱ˹ٵƷк޻ɡ˽ģҲ㡣˹һϴ
ô׾űˣڵ̫졣ֲȥĴô̫ˣ˲ûֱӲάŵ׷ҵҲɱε֮һ˵ȫ޹ġ
һǲסĻû˵ͱϡ
֪άŵԺҪ˹ٲ֪αԼ룬͸¶ֲҿ԰㡣
һʱûзӦ¾ϵͷϡͨĺ±ЩΪ֪飬Ҳ
Ƭ̺˺˼˰ɣҲܽάŵİΣһİϡ
˹ٵƺЩˣװû
Ҳ֪ŵ˹˵ʲôĻ㲻طϣҲ֪Ƣ˵ǵ¸ûйϵֲ֮Ļ֪Ӻ˵𡣡
ȥ˵꣬Եؾһת뿪
һ¡˹˵
װûǰߡ
˹֣ûκηӦ
жΪͽˣûüչǰǸֽǣ첲ͱץס˹ٲ֪ʲôʱġõ󣬿ȫ˵ø׼ȷһ㣬һܶ
ĬΣعͷȥĵԼеη塣԰ά˹ºɺڵ䣬ҸʹøֲҪĹƣ˹٣ͲҶ߰ͷϵѹֻʵʵš
˹ټͷɿ֣ˣǱǲǵĵطҪһ˹ȥ
һȻָղŸеѹִֻʵϣ˹ʱ˵ʶͣûʲô˺µĵط
ջֱۣ˵ͷ
άŵǶ˹΢΢ü
ԡ˵
˹ٳĬһʣܸܲһȥ
ܡն˵
ܾû˵̧ͷǳΪѡ
Ҿ㡣Σͳһֻ˿Ҫ೤ʱ䣿
ȻűʾܾǴ˶Է磬Ҳû취ʱ䲻ֻ࣬ôһСʱ
ãһСʱ֮ûлҾ֪ܱͨѲƬͬʱԼȥ㡣˹ٿңûб˼
ֻǵİȫҹ֮Ⱥħεĳ
Ҿ졣תӰܿûǰڵӰ֮С


13

ɫԴխСС
˹ٵġ֮ڰ˲֪˵˶ºŸеΡʮʱһڱֽϿ֣½ξһꡣ󼸺ÿһҪսжӰ֣ڱֽҵֺƬ
ڵʱ׵ԣ˹Ǹ߸ֻ㽵ĴڣżԵеˣΪϺЦݡʱĬլۡӢŵɭ죬ÿʱԶԶģҿ
˹٣ֻΪ̫ˡ˹ٵòʮӢֹҲºڰвŮĽȴ˸ҽӽΪЦʱȷʵе¡ƽʱٲ罻ҲǶһ˴š
֮Ŀ־嵹ǽˣЩηһŵ˹ע⵽ڿֽϹ˹ٵıǲǶ˸Ȥ
ûзϣȷʵȤʱûᴦ룬ΪԼ˹ٲʲôǸ̫Զˡ
û뵽ŵ˹д㣬ص΢Цһ£֮󣬾ͷ˸ԺһĻ
ûʶŵ˹Ŀⰲţ˹ٵ񽻻һ£ƿĿ⣬ǲһμ˹٣ĬլۡԶԶӢŵɭڻ԰ɢʱ˹ûע⵽ڸԺһһο
Ժ˹ڽʳϵĴˣԼܿΧŵ˹Ĺȥѯʡʱ˹ŵ˹Уÿγϯᶼǽ
ŵ˹ųϣⰲ˹ٳЩ罻УԱܾ
еƣû¡֮󲻾ãĬլۡһϵ¼άŵָΪ֣Ҳûоȥעıɱ֮£ŵ˹İϷܿ챻׵Ժʱգǵʱ¡
ֱ˹ٿŵ˹֣ǼһﻹһЩϷ֮ǰƭ˹ȥԺȥμ罻ҲͰˣֱӰƭǲе֣
ԽԽľսȥ֮ҪúýǸ˵ʲôû
һС죬鱨ݻȡ˲䡰ںûľݵַһҵ¾ưɣÿ㿪ʼӪҵֱ賿ţĳͶǲǳԱ벨źϵˣưɵľӪ߶Ǳŵġ
ӳֵطһֻСȺ֮У׼һסȫʹĺڶԼһŵ¾ưɵĹⶫû˸ôֵġڲ鱨ݵܡ
ۿҪ¾ưڵϣóϣȴǰʯ·мһССĺӰ
èܵűߣΧתһȦ˲ѥӣ̧ɫè
ô㣿һĶ˰΢ۣѵ˵
ǵãÿһо˿ӵʱֻè֡
èһǰ˼ͷҪ

ٽ¾ưɡ˹һСУľͷıһ»ɫǽǼƾɵľ䡣
طԵưܣȴ࣬һɫ£ڴ¶׳һǣе·ʧޣһϢ˸żĲ԰׵ƹӳĽϡ
ķɫһõĽɫʹںڰҲۡ
Ӵ¶ͳ̺кʹһ̣ȴʲôľӰдһֻè
̣˫ֽ׵ĺè۾ܵȥˣϲҪܣ⸽Σյġ
èһ͸һ˿⡣
ԭè
ǰȻδŵ˫һӶסèܵĽűߡ
άŵվڵӰУݿ
аӲ̧ͷ˿Ӱֿ˿תȦСè̵͸εЦ⡣
ͽԺè˵

ܲꡣ
˹ٶ˽ֱߵߵ꣬ɡʱվڵǰ뿪ķ򣬳ůĵƹӳճܵʱҲȥ΢һ£ëߣһ߿һ룬ںʲôϵûκιϵ
˲³ٴǰĺڰϵʱһһţ˫ԽԽ䣬ûиһȥһĳʲô¡⣬Ա
ҺߵȵʱһůĵƻЩοһƬڰĻУ»Ӿ
ۿԼʱֻʣʮˣ˹ٵʼ죬ָҲЩʹľּӣڣǰĺڰгһӰ
˹پɡ첽ӭȥɡͷͷʪˣһİĺڷ¡
ôСʡ
۾ģЩɥ
ʧˡ˵Ϻߡ
ˣ˹۾Ϊʲôߣ
ҲԼĿǣҲǲҡ̧ͷȥϴĪе˵ٲҪǶҡ
Ҫ˵۵ĻͰ۵òˣҲںͷĵƹ⣬ǲġ
˹ٳĬһ˵ҿ԰㡣
ڶ˵仰һЦЦļʪˡ˵ɡǰɡס˹ٵ塣
˹ٽŵһɡ
Ҫ¹𣿡ʡ
ɡҡҡͷؼҡ
ʱ̫ˣȥ
Ҫܾδھ˵ǲǲ֪ҵַ
Ҵλã㵽˵
Ҽڳ⡣˵͵žͿˡ
˹Խţڳſ³ʱҪ˰ȫ͵ᱻһ
л㣬ڴ΢Цźԭкܶ໰˵Ǽάŵ֮ȻúۣԭõЩһҲ˵ڳʱ˹һ·Ĭţֱڲſڣ
·Сġ˹ȥϿ컻·
ϣԶȥ˹ﻹǷŲ£վڳſĿãֱʵڿӰӣת뿪
¹ݵ·ϣܿ죬ͷԺתֲϲǡ


14

ŵŵңŵķɣͨ¥ݣάŵ·ϴɾɡ
άŵүˣ
¥ݵķֻͷע⵽ɫá
ˡֻһۣתͷȥû䡣
𣿡ɻǵѪǡ
ûУ׼ˣϾ˯¥ԵЩƣ롣
Ȼ˵ȴǵ׼һЩ㣬˱ţ̣ȥ

ڶգû¹ϰࡣ
˹һֱȵ˾ŵ룬̲סƽմӲٵȻûס¹ݣԸ񣬳ٵºѷϡ
᲻ؼҵ·ϳʲô⣿ӦǰģھҲ֪ȥңڰ칫ⲽ߶˵ˡӦòϢ߹ⲻĿܡ
ѵˣʮһ˹ҲȲȥ羯Ѱˣ˰칫ҵš
˹һڷˣһլܼҵĴ磬˹΢Ц˵λ٣˹ؼҵܹܣҼС񳿲ˣ١
ʵڲվںİ˹һŹֵı飬˹ؼҺʲô壬ǴҵŮΪʲôҪ¹ݹ
ֱ˹ٻûȫϰ˹ϣһ²ŷӦɫ΢䣺ˣ
ֻǷնѣصġ˵赭дͬʱµع۲顣
˹ٳƬ̣ܲȥ
֪Ҫ󣬰΢ЦŴӦȻԣʲôʱ
ڷ𣿡
û⡣
˹¼٣氢˽ıԸ֪˴ĵַλܼȴ״ӦǰҪ󣬵ʲôͼ
ͥ԰뷿䣬һֱ˶¥Է⡣ţûеõӦֱӴʾ˹ٽȥ
˹ԥһ²߽ȥ۾ֻһźľͷǽڣɫɴţֻ¶ķ϶վ봲ؼԶĵط͸ǵ϶ݣɫַʱе̺죬˯ѡ
һװ˯Ϊȥʹ࣬ķա
ûٿĬĬ߬ȭɫ˳˷䡣
ҽ𣿡źվʰɡ
ҽϾСҩϢɿ˵ٿ𣿡
Ȼ࿴ۣһֱã˵ǴΡϷʣûͲĿܡɾôģйܼչͲصľٶ
㣬˰һۣǲлҪ˵ȻΪҪˣ
ЦЦӢˣӢڽĴǾˡ
˹һؿ
£С˵һЩ˸ƣʾ˹¥ǰΪǸֵˣ֪˽٣˵֪ʲôط𣿡
鱨ݡ˹¥
ûЦţɳһ裬֪Ĳ٣ôͺðˡ
ڲߵɳ£΢Ц˵鱨ݵСԴЩҾ֣ܶɢ鱨Լûо˽⣬ȴһһ
˵ȥЦݣµǽǰΪ뿪½ΪԭҶ
˹ٶ豭ͷеĲˮһԲ
ǵõ˰˹ָ֤ǵѡɼ΢ЦС㲻άŵү£ĵȻάŵүǱߵҲ˱仯ֻܼԮ֡
˹ٰβ˵ֻҪӦʲôԡ
СڻѵĻһӦġ˵ֻҪƭǡ
ҾԲᡣ
ǾͺáЦЦ¶óһſƬһֽάŵүȥľưɵַԼĹ
˹ٽӹ˿ȥĵط

ʵ룬˹ٿֽϵ֣ͿƬһպãάŵΪʲôϻѲͲʲôϵ
ԭ֪գۣάŵүǲǵ䡮ں
˹ٽ˽йƵܲ⣬ȴܾš
ԭǵάŵֲԶ/ҩִ֮ţƳж/ҩԲΪ֯ơ¼Ƕ԰趾/ҩѧ¾ҲǶӢŵɭĳ
ôʲôʡ
ҹС˯ºҽӵ鱨֪MarsֲĬǰͨż΢ЦϵʲôΪάŵү
Ϊ֣Marsпܷһ·˵ɹȴһҪ
ԭһָСȥȰȰάŵүصߣ鱨а취ȫ̾˿ҪԼԸУСڲˣֲʶȰ
˹ٶȥȰάŵ
𣿡ЦЦάŵүҲǾʶɣ
ҿ²ʲôˡ
ȥɳ۵һ£ҹάŵǼ֤Сѣ˵׵ġ
˹ٽӹ£ĬƬ̣ҽȥ
лЦеģ뽫Ȱ˵Ҫʹάŵү·ôߣ׻ҪԼ
˹Цһ£ǲǵ䣬һ˵ûʲôá
´ֱϣȸˡ
˱ǰͣסŲʣΪꣿ
²Ҫԭ򡣡˵СĲ꣬Ϊľҵάŵүع磬үԼȴԸ⣬˵
˹˵㣬ͻȰάŵܣٽȼü֮
⡭ǳ֮ơɲ˲亹Ц˵ҿ²Ķ֡
ˡ˹ٴñӣӦʲôǣһġ

ҹŵ˹ٻװǰ¾ưɡ˹
ɫˣΨƺ֮Ե֡һСܵľﶼưܣשǽϲ˱ϲİ߲ۺۣ·ƹ΢ʱʱҰèĽ
ھưڸͣ£о΢΢𶯣ǵ̫ˣվﶼ
ǰͨ¾ưɵ¥ݣŶص˿أ׶˹ȡ鱨õĹǲ飬ưɡ
ϾǸף˻Ǿư߶࿴ۣǰʣΪй֡˹ٶ굣ξн죬һŭƲСɫôҲǰҫ
һ߽ưɴãЩͷʹ֡ɫƹ⣬в֪İɫһҵľֱֳֻܣ֮ȣЩȴŵ罻ԳƵá
ڴû̫ע⣬ƹһ谵æźȾ裬һ־塣˼ƹеŮŮڰ̨ǰס˽Ų
άŵˡ
лҪ˵Ǹɶ_(:١)_ϲдûкŮϣͨ𷢣ҪǾúȼܿɰһðգȵĸ顣
֮ǰдǺͰŵɫŮ֮ȫûаߣˡԴǧҪᣬֻ͸飬鷽涼_(:١)_
֮ǰòý͵ĵ˵һ°_(:١)_

15

иȻͷ˴߳Ժײ˹٣Լһƿھû۾𣿣
˹˿վԭأĿǰƿ俴һۡ
˱˫ɫ۾һ;û˵ûУЦһˡ
˹ٵ˵·עǰڰŲ̋ĽάŵźȾƣǰһأָһȼ̣ɫĽ谵ľưҫĿ˫̵۾峺רעǰҺ
⸡ҵĵ¾ưֻһ˵ĴԵ࣬һ£Ǻɫ洩Ű׳ڵǸ徻ޱȣܺεϣһƬСĿռ䡣
˹Ҫǰȴ
ʶǸάŵĬʲôʱʼܹȻһȺм䣬ʲôʱʼѧҾƺͳˣ
άŵı仯֮˹һʱ֪
ͷв̣ιŵߵάŵ󣬽һִֻϡ
άŵعͷ˹ٵһ̣һײ˰̨̨ϵľƱ֮΢΢𶯡¶𾪵飬żֿ־塣
ư𽥰ֶٷˣͻļžУ˹ע⵽˶ֹͣ˻Լ
ȻưάŵڰľưŮŮ˵ھƾ֣ȴһҲûиάŵע⣬ȾƣҾͼģһ˶ᱻ
˹١άŵת䣬г֡
˹ٸеưձˣӵĿͶԼϣƺֻҪάŵһ£Щ˾ͻѵ
һάŵȻûзκεĺʩֻǳ䱸ض
˹ٽһֱֱϵķµ˳ȥ
ġƽ˵ˣ㡣
֣άŵ΢䣬ӹ¿˿Ĭ룬̧̣ͷǳȥ˵
ǰ·˹ٸ뿪˵¾ưɣưĿȥĶ˵˭Ҵûϴ¶ôȵı顣
֪졣Էһţϴ̸ǰ¡

ư𽥻ָ֣Ҳ࣬߳Ŷʱ˶άŵһ
˹ٽĽֵϣһˣҲư죬Ա߾̨ӣ˹ĺ棬ֻˮ
άŵźӱˣֵһ֧̣ܾû˵
ʵԭǺܲʺϳ̵ģһʼ˹ٲŻеԽܣһϰˣҲûʲôԡάŵƺѾȾɺɫʵûô䡣
ôᴿ⣬ϲøɾ࣬ϲµĶȵľƺͳ̶ǰϵȻɫǼưУ˹һ۾ֿܽҶһسЩ˵Уάŵ峺һ
ᵽʱɫʮְ
ҵģʡ
Ĺܼҡ˹˵ˡ
𣿡άŵü
˵ֻǵա
άŵָĻںڰһһۣʶİɣ
˹ٵͷ
ӽΪʲôάŵʡ
Ը
άŵ̵ЦЦ
Ȱߡ˹ٶΣգӢŵɭѾMarsȡϵ֪ζʲô
άŵЦЦңķˣ
ǰҵĴ˹˵һҡ
άŵĬã˹٣ܳһʱ䣬㶼ҵج
½Ȼ֣ˣҲͲᡭ˶٣۾ɽӡ
Բ𡣡˹ûжͣʱϹۡ
άŵһֵĿΡ
Ǹû壬ܵЩԴһԲܳ塣Ȼִ˹˵ȴԵĪׯأάŵˣ֪ôе˼ֿ⡣
ˡЦһҲûȥֲɵˣ㲻ȰҵǾ˵˵ɡ
˹̧ͷΪʲôϸȥ
άŵһ̣³Ҳˣұ⸱ӣѾûˡ
ֽڣû䡣
άŵЦЦĲأˣô죿οMarsһֱңֺڳԺڵʱֻ鷳ѡ
ֻҪԸ⣬а취֤Щѵİȫ˹˵Լ鱨ݻᱣ㡣
άŵޱضź棬Ƭ̺̾˿һڶҡ
˵ʵ
ðɡάŵ̧ͷֻǲΪĥʱѣԼȫģв鱨ݣúܺáڰҲкܶԴֻҪҲߣӢŵɭͲ鷳
ֻҪңͿڵαΪðأ赭д˵ҵĴѾˣϴϣãﷸϺȣֻԽԽѡ
˹ɫӵؿп㣿
άŵͷԽȰңҲ֪ӢŵɭжΣգѾˡ
Ѿˡ˹ظ仰Ϊ뿪裬ϧԼķʽȥݡǱԩģΪʲôϴ壿ΪʲôͲѵںۣ
õĳĬ
ǲǾҺܱ飬ܲάŵ䵭ҲǲԼẦ
ˡֱԡ˹˵ӢŵɭΪʲô
Ȩ͵λ˵˾ǾλͲƲ̳Ȩάŵһ̣˽ӣΪжд̡
ôҲһ˹˵һӵоλͲƲļ̳ȨֻҪص裬ͻΪӢŵɭĿꡣʱ㲻վһֻΪƵѡ
άŵ˰ΣЩŹ֡
˵𣿡˹ƽ
Ҳȫάŵ˼Ҫһ£ϣ֮󣬿Ȱȥ


16

˹ʲôӦάŵеͷֶ𣿡
˹ٳһ¡
˵άŵ䣺ࡣ
˹ٶҡҡͷ
üۼ䲢Ե֮۾ɫһɫҲȫһġ
ҺӢŵɭأʡ
񡣡˹˿϶ĻشӢŵɭòϤӰķɫ̵ͫЩάŵȫһ£άŵٳһЩòӢŵɭԽԽ
Ͳ𣿡άŵ˵ҵĸĸûһǺ۾
˹ĬƬ̣˵ʲô
Ϊᷴأ˵ŴԻʲôġάŵЦЦ
˹ԣԺһ˵һǰŵ˹ȥμӻʼʱ̣Ҳһ˫ƺɫ۾һһֱУֱ߳᳡ԼֱǴģǲǺ޸ݵĺ˼ѡ
㵽ʲô˼˹ѹͷ
֣ӢŵɭĹϵôãȴûи߹㡣άŵ˵ĬңûѪԵϵ
˹Ȼ̧ͷ
ǼﲢܣֻǶ˴Ӳ𡣡άŵԼҲ֪

Ҳ֪ǴĶģ˵Ӣŵɭ·߼Сάŵеزһ񣬽̵ϣҵá
ô
Ϊزֵ̫ˡάŵ˵ңҲûĬκζļ̳ȨӢŵɭں԰ȫػص裬ֻҪҲߡ
Լȥ˹ٵɫصƤ£
ǻ𣿡άŵһۣصõѡΣգΪҵԵʣMarsʱ鷳
ܷΪ㱨𡣡˹˵Ҹ
ȥȰάŵվֱ嶢ұӢŵɭΪˣǸɱ˲գ۵ħҳסŷٻذ裬粻֪жٴˡֹһҵʳ飬жάŵĬθ˥ߵļ󣡡
˹סˡ
ŻڡάŵѹסԼϣ˵ҵ겻û¶֤ݣЩ֤͵ֺͱˣڰôһ졣
˵ҺԼ֮Ĳ࣬ԣϣҲҪȥŭΣա
Һŵ˹վһأ˹ٷ
ûõģάŵź棬ֻʣһˣһȥͬھҲãɱҲãûйϵ
š˵Ҳðա

˵Ƿ˹ٹȻûȰ
άŵصСﾡͷèһ˺üëСľ˯ںڰɫ˫ۡ
άŵľ䱧ڻ￴è̽ͷ
㡣άŵ˵
è˻ȥú׶
ϣҲȥԽԽһվ˿ûҵط뷨
һˮݵĸо
ӳ뿪ҹᵽ˾ǳ˱ĺˮǰ֮ʹ࣬ΪĻһ˿ȵϣǣԴӲòԽһ֪һжˡ
̤ƬʱҪȥնϵȫΪһˡɾһֱˮٽӴϵ⣬ǲ֮ˡ
ȻάŵȻ־ϲµ̫ԲͻὫ˾ȥǸĵСˣԶһֱ⵽Ӣŵɭڸĸ£Ψһε˾Ҳ
һ£һˣάŵ뺦
ҹ˰꣬عʱĨһʪСèصס
쿴ֻ֪ڸĵĺèάŵͷϵëᵯԴ
èعͷ
ǰ˵˵Ҹô찡άŵ̧ͷϵǣѾǸˮˣĲˮˡ

հ׼ҩͣװڲȥ¥ȴͨ¥¥
˯̨ϣƾճֵϰ
ɿۣҲ̨£̸֮䣬Ĳˣ
ͷ
£
ҡҡͷ
ǾͱҩˣֱӳͰɡɶһ֭ݸ
һڣƺڻع۾ʣ췢ʲôˣ
ûʲôЩ˵MarsӢŵɭϵ
գգۣѾʲô鱨ˣ֮ǰͷ
ʵϣм仰ƭ˹٣ȫΪ¶ʹȨ֮ơ
ԡҰ˹ȥȰάŵүˡ
һ
ɿһͷԼһ֣ţ㲻Ұɣ
٣ȥ˵ˣЦ
ѽˣֻ˯ˣûҲЦ˼

һȾҪѹ֭õԼϣʶˡ
άŵݡǵľݵԼԼסַһȫ֪ˣ˰ʹ̫ѨʣȻأ
˹ƺҲû˵һػش𣬡˵ȥԡ
ĬãŹ֭˿ţţǽϵĹӣվʣµԼԣҪһˡ
æҲôôոˣϢһ°ɡ
Ҫȥһ˵
ȥάŵү
ԡ˵Ҫҡ
Ұ鱨͸¶˹٣˰ɣ
ᣬ֪ҡƿĿ⣬ɫؽҹ⣺ǵѾˣҲû壬άŵͨǾͻذ衣

ƻʱάŵϵط飬һһس飬ºܿͻһͷ
ÿ̵ʱСèԶԶģάŵЩį̣Ҳûгɹһͻ̲סȥ̡
רעͷĻǣȻðһάŵ
άŵһ飬̷֣иճ֮һǽ𶪵ػعͷȥ
˵
ǽЦЦ
άŵ޴룬ϣǰһȽϺõ󣬾ǰһȻʱԼеɵٱϿǸ㴿ꡣ
ڡ
ȻʱϨ̣صͷһ޷εģάŵץץͷŵ˵㡭ԷԶɣ
Ѿ׻ˣ˵㻹Ǽԭľ
άŵͷ˭һһǾ仰Ҳذ衣
β˵Ȳˣ߰ɣȥ͡
лҪ˵ҲҪѧάŵͷǺúӡ
еҮȫĴ徿ʲôãÿһҶдһ顾
˴QAQҵҹĸԡ

17

ڶ糿˹ٵ칫ң˱裬ڴǰĽֵ
ǰ϶ȿȵģʱҲ֪ôÿ춼Ⱥ裬ԼһӢһǱƫˡ
ΪʲôϲأݺǰɵϰߣǸصӢˡ
µ˼Щ£۹¥һӰȻǰڴϣ˹ٱΪղġ
æ˼һϵƷʵװһǳΡǰվƬ̣¡
ӺǰŴˡ
Ϻã˵ƺƽʱЩ
硣˹˵緹𣿡
ڼԹˡţֱԼİ칫ûάŵ˹ٿΣҲ̸µͷ
˿ʼɸģͺ֮ǰЩ´δһ

ŵһ˹һҪļ˳ʺĲ顣˹ٽ£ڰ칫ǰűһҳһҳطģЩ־ȴܽԺ
һСʱۼѾֽվȥ̾˿
ڴֻǰͷʱһðĿȷǰ
㲡źãϢһ˹ֱǰǷļЩż˵
һ£û˵ʲô¶ȡ
̵ģҲЩˮ˹˵
һڣ졣
ǲǡеࣿ˹ɫתȥò߹ϵţ̺ͰǣǸҲ֪ĿζϲһЩģ
ԵؽӹǺţ̣һЩȥȺٺȣζ˺ܶࡣ˼̧ͷ˹ٻվӸǰ

˹ɤӣ߻Լλϡ
֮죬һֱ̬ȣ˲赹ˮ֮ľͲˣʱԳģĵһЩԵʣµͰ˹˷ˡ
Ϊսս˺ü죬һԼ칫ǰ͸еͷƤ顢ձе˺ٺֱͬӴְ
ֹһܣĳ峿ȵ˰칫ңݲʱ˹˽һۡ
Ҵ쿪ʼҪȥʱ죬˹Ҳһȥ˵ҰǱ߰칫صĴѶ㣬ϵҡ
ߵߣڱǩֽдһ֣תûȥӡ
άŵǱ߳ʲô£һҪϵңһᾡϻɫ֣صߵǰ
ƽؿĹάŵԼᴦ
˹û뵽ôֱӵؾܾȥַͷĬƬ̡
ʶԼ̬ȹ䵭Ȼػعȥ豭ŲҶ
ҷϡƬ̣˵
Ķͣ£üȻеЩ

˱ɳʰɣ˵Ϊ˾άŵ
ȻأɱڽĺŽ
Ϊ£˵Ϊάŵصܵ
ɹϹţع΢ЦΪ
ֻǾú֣Ȼô֮ǰĹʧרΪ뿪衣˵Ϊʲôô
תҲĹӣʰߣû˵ܵĿ⣬Ϊ˼ѹһ֧ʿ֡
ǲң
ûСЦе˵
̾˿¥ȥ
ɵĿƬ̣̲סʣôģ
ǻ˵ͷ
㻹ǲ
ǡһ£Ϊһֱ֪
Ϊʲôɴĺ⣿ʣƾڵ޷ӢŵɭƥС
룬˵ΪΣա
ʲôû˼
һû㶮ͼⱳ顣ûٽͣ¥ȥˡ

Դںèָ¼άŵԷûٿЩÿȥάŵʱάŵβסԼֵ飬ԲԸذ¡
ĳһհٱʱάŵ˵Ҫ
ڶ죬ҲûȥάŵȻҵһڱ𴦣ϵطȥҲǰȥ
°ֱӻر˼ž˯£ڶһ磬ĵرɳѡ
˯Ժǻ̫ѣֻðɽӱקʹ˻Σ˵˹ưҹϮˣ
۾˵һ飿
˹ưɣҹϮˡһһٵ˵ͬʱϮĻǵĹ̶ݵ㡣
˲˴룺άŵô
˵ûȥǼݵ㡣
һһ룬˵Ҳڲ˶ãMarsͲǽһԼս
άŵӦˣԾ̧ͷ
˵ǴӦˡɵͳص߰¬˹ɹԢ
Ĭ˰ΣʣӢŵɭͰά˹ͨжˣ
ǳβڣһ¡˵֮ǰ˵Ҳżֻû֡
Ӧò̫硣˵
ά˹һ죬Ȼ˵ںˡͺӢŵɭͨţô᷸ôĴ
ά˹ҪںӢŵɭҪɱάŵߵĿĿͬʵȫһ¡ֻҪάŵ뿪Ǿ͵ؽɢά˹ؾͿˣӢŵɭڴˡ
ǵĺϵνģ
ǰЩ³ŵ˶𣿡ʡ
ˣͰڡ
Ǳأϰػ𣿡´׼ȥϴ
ҹյظӦǵҪ󣬵Ҫά˹ʱδظϵüɸȥͼȰ˵·ͻȻԷһϵһ½ɣҲá
תͷһۣȥˡ
ʲô
ǺҪĹ񣬲ȻҲʱߡ˵һֻܿԼ
ɰյ̾˿취ϵ˹٣ԷҲڽϻˡ


18

ҹڰ˹ưϮ󲻾ãάŵڲǵһݵյ´Ӿưһս飬һʾֵİ
ս׸дսʱصʤһЩάŵǷϻǸ򿪿ˣװһѻĵģļλڰ裬ռǲ鱨ݵ
ά˹ܵµʰȻ߱浽ڣ͵άŵϡ
ϴʲô˼ʣѵñץˣ
ɵϣǰżʼǺܾ֮ǰˡάŵǺõĵģ䵭˵ǼȻⶫڰά˹˵İܹá
ɲ̣
Ȼ̣άŵüⶫˣӢŵɭɣСʱ򰮳Եĵģ֪µ˿ɲࡣ
Цһʰݸߵˣӵ
СŵĺгȥͰάŵһƤϣǷս鷭ȥ˼顣
ά˹ʼȻеģȻѾ֪άŵҲ֪ںʲôʰάŵΨһĿľǣףҲӢŵɭƿ֮С
ʱϣ֪ᷢʲô¡
άŵӦǣʧʧ
Ӳ鱨ݵ鱨ʧ

㣬¬˹ɹԢά˹һԲ
ֻܹʮˣֲڹԢܹԶֹڴˡ
УѾǼ˽ˡڲȫս£MarsʮλԱԶԸǣⲻǳԱʵ⣬лѹءЩ˻ǹܲ룬Marsװȫʤࡣ
οΪάŵѻʯɵôܲȡж֣һǾʹǱȥĳУǼо֮䣬Ǻߣά˹ͻɱ䣬һһ˵ľݵ㡣ֲѾõĬİ֧֣ûҪηηβ˼ܱ
ˣһάŵһ˳¬˹ɹԢǰʱά˹ܲ졣
ûֻͨһԼһģûдκ
άŵѾһֱά˹ϸһ飬ȷûЯκ˽˫ַһһվ
ģά˹Ȥʡ
άŵƽؿϣܴһذ衣
Ǻʲôͬ
һذ裬һһأҲ벻άŵЦһ˵ӦûֻҪҽӢŵɭǶ˽
ô򵥽Ȼٺòά˹أ
Źǡάŵ˵ǵĽҲ֮ڣǲܶκв
ֻҪ㲻ڣȷʵܰࡣά˹𣿡
տάŵ˵
ҿɲҸ𡣡
鷳ˡάŵ˵Ҳ֪ס
ά˹ｫƬ̣˵ɽ
Ҿ㴦ãҰȫش裬͵ӢŵɭǰάŵЦһ¡
Цݵĺ̰ά˹ΪMars֮һȻӢŵɭ߹ά˹ͷӶת˵ȥһ˵ĻƱھߡ
ֶάŵ˵һֱȥվʲôԸҲԳڸңͬеķݶϣһᾡɡ
˭ͬУҿǹ֮ӣ;ⶣ䵽ѡάŵƳһۣԸ˰ɣⱲӵڶˡ
׮ѵĶɱά˹ɫӵؿǲʲô飿
ô䵭ЦЦ˵޹ģѵͻĬԼ뿪̸Щû塣
Ҳԡά˹ĬĬû塣
ٳٲȵ΢ЩĽʱ򣬷ܳȥƱ˾Ȼ۷˻ά˹һı飬ȥƱҲôͻɣ
ϴ󣡡ളţά˹Ʊأ
Ʊˣӳŷһˣ·ɹԢġ˵
һˣʲôˣ
Ʒģ
ά˹ܱ𣿡
תһ־òԣж֮ǰѾܱкܱҲܲ·
ҳȥƹߣûſڣһŽ
ϴ󡣡˵һˡ
ϻˣʲôˣά˹Щ
Գǲ³ŵϵ˽
³ŵά˹ü˼Ƭ̣˭Щ졣
Լ³ŵϴ󡣡һ˴ߵ˵ı֡
ά˹
Ϊʲôò˽ܵ
᲻ǼðģЩʡ
Ǹղųʾӡţҿκ彣Ҳðġ
ά˹Ѿܲ³˭ɵĺˡ

鱨ǵĴ֮һԼ³ŵı֡һ֧ʮҵ˽࣬ͻʲô顣
˽ô鱨ݲˣʱǻҪػصϣ˿˵֧սΪ㡣
ǰά˹ͬ˺ǡ
һЩ˽ܵλ˵һҪľԲ鱨ݣά˹û壬ֵԶڲ񵽺࿹ĵز
񣬲³ŵ˽ڴſڣάŵһҲ̤ȥ
ɹԢĽ־˼ӣά˹ԲñԼͷ侲Ƭ̣ʣһͬǲи۾Ů
ǵϴ󡣡Сػػ
ά˹ͷ˼ţһˡ
άŵɫ΢΢ˡ
лҪ˵˵õĸոQAQ

19

һĻһñش¡ŵŶƤѥˣִҪŽά˹Ҳͷˣװ񲮾˽ά˹Ƭ̣λܼң
ĬĬɤӣλ˹Ҽҳ򡣡
ά˹üҲԣλ׳ģҲǸԶԶȥ˶ĺܼҡվˣǲιˣά˹ֽ䱸
վⲽкιɣ
ĿתƬ̺ƺˣٿ
˵ǺMarsԼڴ˴һʤŵ棬һΪῴôҵĳ
ġά˹߱˵ı磬λάŵСүȻԼһ
Ѿ֪ˡ
ĻȻֹΪ˹ȻһԵصȥˡ
عͷά˹ᴷƣȻǹʼʩʹһֵ
ϵһȥά˹Ը£ܿ죬˹ͱקǽߣǽǻԲѡֿۣ˵
Ҫǰάŵŭ
ʱؾ˫ʾԼûдκά˹ҲЩʧ񣬶˶ָĿڣˣס
ͳ/ǹ׼ά˹ûһ½壬̾˿䣺ǹ
ཫǹڷŵһЩʱע⵽¥ϵĻȱز֪ʱҲǹ֣һ/ǹ׼άŵĵ£һ¥ϿǸûжصء
ϻͲ˵ˡά˹ϳԹһζԴ˿ûиҪſϳĲ˽
άŵ
ǲܵġά˹˵ɸͻҲߺںز³ŵ֮еֻ˺鱨Ӽϵ˽ΪЩֻǿŻ˶ѡ
鱨ݵ鱨Ϊάŵô˵Ҳ˵ȡʲô鱨һá
ȷһջά˹Ƭ̣˵ĬŵıҲ٣ҲùȻΥ
һҪάŵҾͽMars鱨ֵ˵Щܣǵϰ²ñ֪
ά˹һۣСȥ𣿡
ذ衣
ά˹㶡
һذ裬ǻذ裬ȫֲͬĽ˵
̫Ը⡣ά˹άŵһۣȻͲˡ
һԸġ
ô˵Ҿ͸ܷߡά˹˵ǴȥҲطһܷһ·Ҫذ裬һĬ֪ܿҵĲûаɣ鱨ݣҸµ
鱨ΪвֶοӲ̫Чά˹ϰİѱԼϵûʲô˵ܡ
ǣһ߰ɣɴЦŸĿڣһذ裬ô
ά˹ɵؿһۡ
ӡУʵݼտƻоԸһʱԣദһ·֪ʲôʱʧ˾裬ͻᱻһ
ƫƫά˹Ұôһ鱨ˣӢŵɭá
СϾܾ
ȻĻΧһţȫǹڶ׼ȴͳһ֧Ʊ
ʮ֧ƱԼбһֽӢŵɭŵıǶ٣
ά˹Ƭ̣һ㡣
ٴνǵΧһš
ټӶʮ򡣡֧Ʊι𣿡
̫ˡά˹˵
ЩǮ㹻ǵʧˡ˵Ҵ¹Ҳ˵άŵɢǣ㲻׮⣬Ҳûʲôɣ
Ǯİά˹˵ȷջꡣ
²ܹ⿿Ǯ˵Ӣŵɭߣ³Ǻܲҵġ
Ҳ֪Ƕߣһ䣬ЦЦ㻹Ϊ£췴ҧһڣ
Ҫұ˳ƴӦά˹˵С㣬ҵиȫ֮ߣǽάŵ裬㲻Ҫ֣ͬʱҲǰ裬ղ𣿡
һ˵ӢŵɭһάŵͻɱһҴʧ׷˵һϣҲʱܻᱻɱ
֮ûʲô̸ˡά˹Цһ£Ը£ߣں뿪
¶İӢŵɭôΪ˴ĿģĲ˽ѾʲôѺάŵȥȵȡ
ʲô£ά˹ͷ
Ӣŵɭдţ𣿡ʡ
ʲô
ѵûлɹǼŵαתͷ
ά˹ЦˣӡΪ֤ôм٣˵Ĭ˭ỨǮҪСӵ
̫˽ˡƽؿԸҿǷ𣿡
ƽɫ͸Īðά˹΢ҡһ£룬Լȷʵ˽Ӣŵɭ⼸ŷҲûôˣһµҲûʲôϵ
Ӵڲͳ۵ֽݸ
ȥӣֻһ˲䣬ά˹Ȼеָһʹ
ץסӦ죬ֽ֣أߵĸȥס
ԭ£άŵһʱļȻǸ˵ǯƣǰȥһȻң¥ϻȵһǹֶ׼˰
һ̶ǹάŵ򱻴򴩣ѪɽһĹڵϡ
ûϵֱʣɫʱ԰ס
Сĵ㣬ˡά˹һ䣬һָʳָϸС˿ڣǱһˣѪ齥˳
ǡü
άŵڵϱƣ岢ǿ׳ϱ˸Դʹ˵ɫҰףȫ亹ס˿ڰֹѪʱ˫Ҳվһ¶˾ŵɫ
û¡άŵ̧ͷضЦЦ
ǹֿǹǰȻƺ˵ģ˿ʵأǰܹصˣӳȫҲ̴ֻҪܻͲʲô
˶񣬿򰣶ά˹׼档
ָ룿ά˹Լָһİľ˿ɢֲõԤС
ԣǶ룬ͿĶ/ҩ˵ҩֻ֪βܣ졣
⻰ЩΣά˹Զ/ҩ˽⣬֪Ȼͨ/ҩҲ˵һĩҺĶ/ҩƺĴڡ
ĬĬƣָѾʹ
άŵߣ֤ԺҲץһʮ֧Ʊ㣬Marsȡ鱨ȨҲѽҩ㡣
ά˹ЦЦҲ
ᱻвü˵ҲȲѡ
ĽʵѾˣɰά˹Ȼ޶ԡ
ι̾˿ôһذ裬һִ裬ͬѽҩ㡣
ά˹Ƭ̣ûܻֻ־/ǹǹָȡ
ذҲǲУʵڹƶˡ䵭˵бҪȴȣûܡ
һάŵѾú˳쵰ʲôãҪʹң
˵Ӧôάŵά˹ҪȥֻҪ֤߾ͿˣҲûһȵĳһߡ
ά˹ţǹڶȴٳٲǹֻ˵ٿһ𣿡
ʶ˰벽ǯƣҲ˲Ķȥע˰ά˹Ƭ̣㶼жˣԸҿǵĻ᣿
ЩҲɼά˹Ŀⶢԭô
δ䣬Ȼǹʱάŵ඼㲻ˣһǹƺǹƫֻ߲˹ȥҲЩųಡܵرܹӵеĹ켣һ˵ϡ
ά˹ӦùˣôƻҲǻẦӵʵûĴֻŻһ£֪Ѷˡ
ȻǹˣȻŵ˵ϣȻܻ𳵡
л˵̧ͷŰά˹ҴС岻ã׸ղˣҪǴңҿɲ֤ԼܻŻذ衣
ά˹
һһ²ס˵һĺֲֵɱ֯ΪʲôһҪΪӢŵɭô
Լжˡ
ά˹۾Ҫ֧֡Mars޹أֲֻ⡣
ԭˡǿЦЦҪȨͽǮҲԸ㡣
㣿
ӢŵɭڡЦٶȲ˼˿⣬ֻǡ
öѡά˹ǹָܸʲôѾʧȥĬļ̳Ȩ
ҡ
˵һ֣ɹԢĲٴαƿһֵ첽˽ά˹תͷȥɫЩ˽ôˣ
˽ϴ󡣡ֵǰֻ˵ոմϢϰǲҪΪ鱨ݡ
ά˹Ƥһ¶𾪵ɫΪʲô
ƺаѱ鱨ϡԷ˵
ʲôƨѱôҪά˹Ц˳˲鸾𣿻ЩԱʲôĽף
඼ҽӻȻѾܻڲԡ
˼ٶ俴ֻһ޹ºûϵƵġ
Ϊˡƣ˵Դϰ嶨ڰ裬ֲһһû䣬Ҳ¶ģ𣿡
ϴϰƺȰ裬ȴά˹ӻֹˡ
һͻĲ໰£Щۣǹ˦˦ȫȻľֱ֣˵СһȥĻƱҪ졣
ϴô嶯ٿһ¡Ҳ˱ѵ⣬ִȰ裺Ҫǵϰ壬ֲˣ
ά˹û⻰ϣѶȥֻѺάŵ׼뿪ʱͷлֻϣƽվҪٳʲô⣬ʱ򣬾Ȼһ˴洳˽ȸžͿʼϴ󣬼ˣ
ʲôά˹ŭģͲûѪˡ
ܱţܱţ˵ѾſΧסˣ
лҪ˵ά˹ۣźۡ

QAQ˸ˣºó˰

20

ά˹һ֮ܿ侲ֹסŲĶЩʲôˣų𣿡
ǰкҽԼսѡڳɹԢ֮УѾ̶Ƚ˸Ӱ죬ܱȻҪǰ
ǸųС
Ļû˵꣬Ŷ룬һ˴ܱŵĺɫƷܱųע⵽֮ǰǰǻܱ졣ŵ˴һɫװͲƤѥƤףЩ糾ͣά˹һ£̧ͷ˵˶ԭ
ѹյһˡ
˹ٽɨһȦĿͣƬֿ̣άŵת򰣶ά˹ۣ˵ſǡ
ά˹Ŀɿڴ
ǰ½н˹١µǣһʢȻά˹ǸˣҲܲϵ
ιŻ˻ʣô
˹ٿԵĸųһۣųǰһ˵ųԼȣղǰҴΪתԭֵڲǲ֣ǡ
Իͷ۽ɨɨ˹٣¹ҪϣͷάŵĬĬȻǶ˵˽ҪҲӲܡ
ά˹ʱ˼֣ܱų˹ٿе֪԰Ĭң֮ο¹ݷҪܱҲš
ףԼļƻǳˡ
ǲģ䣬̫硣
һ棬һ޳ɡҵ˳һ棬ֲսʽ΢ӢŵɭѾԾֶΣ˵ǹעһҲΪƻʧܣֲδãһƬʵûҪ
ά˹ͷĬΣ˵ȻҷˣҲòǡ
ĿһҪǣٴҵʬ̤ȥ
Ƕһά˹ɫ䣬ûֻܶսǹ
˹ĬȻЦȡ/ǹ
Ϊǲ̫ˣʡ
Զšⲻҵķ񡣡
Ӣŵɭֵô˹ٵ˵/ǹĸų̵𣿡
ųȡһʶ̵
˹ٽ̵ݸά˹ִԼ嵶ǹˣö̵ԣӮˣʹ˴ﳷߣҪʬ̤ȥֻ
أ
ǾԸһɱ㡣˹˵
ɽά˹ҲԼ/ǹ࣬鵶ʡ
Թõʣǲǻˣ
άŵ˵ϡ
ʱά˹Ѿᵶȥȴؿڣ˹ע⵽ֲ˼Уûл
ʽ仯죬ִ̲ǣһǶˣתĴ̶ʮʮ൶ѩлһӰ˹ȴʼպɣԼ𡣰ά˹ÿγУǱױܿǱֱۣбƫԭȵĹ켣
רҵĸ񶷼ɣˣǳֵҲ˲˹ٷֺ
ά˹ǡǸ쵶ˡ
μʽĸӱУһ˹ü䣬ڱƵöԷ޿ɱܣ˹ֻһֻץסõͣüǰλá
ͬʱϵĶ̵֪ڰά˹ǰмƤ
˱ƽ˰룬˹ٸеϵжȥҲֳ˰벽
ά˹֣ͣݵĽףԷսʶǿܵʤ
䡣Цһǡ
ɿ˶άŵǯơ
˹ֱֿۣץľֱܶתŴĿ⣬תͷ
ЩǿѹһŭȫȻ֪ŭӺζʶάŵ˶㡣
άŵȻҲϵֱ۵ס
龰˹˺ü룬Ǹˡͷ̾˿ĿȷϹȫû˺ǰץסάŵĸ첲һϵơ
ȥҽԺ˵
άŵˣԼ
ϻˣߡ˹ٷסٴο
Ҳû˵
Ϊʲô֪ͨңʡ
ɫǳѿԭеʱѾڷˣȴû¶ֺΪʲôҪ֪ͨ㣿
˹ٵ΢΢ˣ֪ô£ܴпʹࡣ
Ժ¾ҵ¡ͷԲЦĿǣٵ˵Ϊġ
ʲôӦŴľάŵſȥˡ

ɶǸСȻƭң
صݵ֮󣬰ά˹ɫףҪǸţҪլĻƿһ顣
˵жһ̻ҸҪӣྪʧ˹ȥ
ϴξͽˣת֪ƶˣָʲôİϷҺҲȻζˣ
ʱ˹ٽάŵҽԺά˹Բ֣ܶҪҩ˭֪Էȴ΢Ц˵ƭģûͿ/ҩֻͿ˵ǿҩѣСʱԼͻȬˡ
ά˹ʱˣ˭֪֮ǰһֵŵĳȻվǽƵĽҲ֡
⳵ȵģŵĻԷװġ˹Լ˵һֵԲʹûκãǼװԾ䣬Σգ̱ǹ
оȫСֲά˹
ϴˡཹͷöȰ⣺鱨֪ƴǣԲЩС
ܾԼɵһˣά˹ߵɳϣʣϰ嵽ʲôѱϣ
ϰôΣ£ϴ㻹ֲĳ·ɣĬĴȿ϶ˣǼ
ά˹΢侲Ƭ̡
Դϰ嶨Ӱ裬һ͸¶ֲԸMarsԣѲҪϰ岻ԸķؽڴάӵԱ⼸ֲ꣬ԱѾӼǧ˼ˡ
ϰڰ跢չά˹ȴŲֲͬң۳ģ޴оο˽Щ˲ԸȥĳУֻϣֲһֱȥ
ϰṩʽʮޣֲԼȻһֲҵ΢Ҫȹµֻܽ
ǮȨȱһɣά˹뵽ľֻѰȨ֧֡Ϊ˺ںϵӢŵɭĬһܺõĿ꣬ڰ绽꣬ȨĴ쵽
ϧһҲֻˡ
µ񣬡˵Ҳֻȥ鱨ݵĴˡ
ϴǰ˵鱨ݿס𣿡
ǿסĬֻǮѣûȨά˹˵ټ˹٣Ͳͬˡ
ţĳɰܻ治˵һĬҵļ̳Ȩ䵽άŵأ
෴Ӧ죬̽ӻôϴ²˳٣ھȥʥҽԺάŵү
άŵ٣үά˹һֱӵ鶢ȥ⼸첻ټǸС
ܸȥǸϴ󡣡˵鱨йڣҲܸ˹ٹȥ
ά˹˵ҲеĬƬ̧̣ͷԸ˵̫ˣһȥЩˮͲƷȥʥҽԺάŵү
ݺݵҧǸ֡
лҪ˵QAQԽԽ˰

21

άŵҽԺ˿ڣҩ˯£ʱҹ
һƬ谵ֻһյСƣڴתͷ˿ܣָڲ
ˣҲͷҲر㡣
άŵԻǾЩ˺˿ڣ˻ȥֻֽƵЩ
ٻɫĵƹ£˫̵۾Ҫһذ裿
ͷ
άŵתͷ컨壬̾˿Ҹȥ
ģϲ۾
ġάŵЦЦ뿪ҲܼįҾ𡭡
˿μ꣬ʱ㿴˵һͷȺСҰޣʱ׼ȥҧһڣֿµġ

άŵ󲻾þͱȥ˲޵ŷڰ賤󣬴Ӽǵĵһμ棬ꡣ
ʱϣҡ˵ֵģһҲڣСʱǸģô죿ЦЦһ£üҪԼ
Сʱô𣿡
ܿŰ㶼𣿡άŵסЦЦӢŵɭʵڲһְĸ磬СʱЩԱ֢Ҳһҿ棬㿪ġʱ룬Ҳ㣬һڰüįӦųѸϻȥ
ǣԼˣҵĴڷ㡣
ĬƬ̣ǡͨ𣿡
ͨˣҪҶԻȥֱȵ컹ѣΪô׼ôΪҵһ仰άŵƽžޱȵķУһһ䶼ңҲȽϰģʲôǶһԣɹ˵Ȼãʧܡ
ҧҧûʧҲûϵ仰˵ڡ
ʧܡӳɫ΢⣬㷭ɣҲº·뿪裬¿ʼ
ֻҪţͲʧܡתȥ
άŵ컨壬Ƭ̣˵ҽ졭ԭȥġ
֪һʼ뵽ˡ߬߬Ҳȥ㣬
άŵͷ֪˼ʲôβƵЦҽһ¡
ʲô
ңΪңΪԼ
գգ۾
Ȼô˵ЩķôྫѰңΪҪ硣һڣ̿һֻһ˵ȻǾúܶˣ񡭡ҲҪһԭعôࡣһζӱܣֻԽԽ㡣
ˣЦЦ
šάŵͷ΢ЦЦҲٶˡ

άŵһֱĵ˰ҹʮ࣬˵Ķǰ£һάŵʣȴһֱҲῪڡ
ֱͷϻ˯άŵŰѵƹϣڱɺãźڰиڴһţ䲻ʣ˹˵
ش
άŵЦ㲻̸̫⣿
ĬһҲǵһ˵
ûάŵôʶģ
㲻Ӧú𣿡˵ݰά˹˵鱨ݸǻǸ˾ɣ
άŵһ죺ǣֻȥ˼ΣҲǿӣֻе㵣ˡά˹Ǽһң
ðɡ˸ΪʲôҪںҾƺһ㶼ʺ㡣
ΪǶھݵͷ¶βģǾҽƻǴһڣͽҺںˡάŵָ˹գʲôʺң
㡣˵
άŵһ죺кӵģȵȡתƻ⣬˹ôʶģ
㻹ǰԡ˵̾˿֮ǰ鱨ݳ˵飬һز˼ңûǮͳȥ˷ݹǡڷ¹ݡ
ô˵ȫɺˣάŵ˵˵Ϊƭ˵ģ
ںڰתۣ濴ΣҲ֪
ͺ֡άŵ˫ϰ˺ڰ¹⣬ڶԷ۵׿ϤİɫôȰҸߣĺܹ㡣
ϴβô˵ġ˵ϴ˵ΪеǸҪֲ󣬲Ż
ţǼºʲôϵάŵ̲סʣϲ𣿡
ҡ
ҼǵСʱռйļڴͷءάŵԹԵ˵

Ѳν˫ǿǡάŵ˵һ룬һëӸڴ˹
˯ɡ̾˿Һ
άŵЦ˼ͷӻظúúã˯
ͷ˸£άŵ˵ˣȻô˵˵ֻң»Ầ
һЦ˳ش𣺡ѽ

ʶ֪ڰ֪Լ˯˶ãεһֵĳǰǴƬĺڰֻһ϶Ŀİ׹⣬͸ǵխСķ϶ʵؿ硣
ӷ϶ĹȻʲôȥһ֣Ƕƶţƺ˭Ӱӡʶģʱ벻Լںδĳֺѹʵĺ
˽֣ʹغ˼ΣȻҲ֧ŲסصƤ˯˹ȥ


ȵȣڽ
˫ۣѾǽϵĹʾžŵʮ˯ʮСʱ
ȻĲıںݶ԰ףֻǶһˣվڴ߸ˡ˹١
һڵڶ̫ͣԹѪһʱûϣһ˲ͷ͡
㡣˹æһƷһ¹ݸϹġ
ڴϵάŵڴͷϾ˵ҿ˯̫ãôж𣬾Ͱнˡ
Ϊ⻰ըë˭ֻ֪ǴڴϣһԲ
ôˣάŵæЦݡ
û¡ع˳ҳһŵͷ
ǲַˣ˹ܾɫԾһҽɡ
Ϊ˱ϴ˹ʱ˳˲ڴϣԺأԻҡ
ղεǸʵģɾݼǶʱ䡣ʱһҩϿͣ죬ȴ΢Ļܣ
Ƕʱٻйʶֻôǿ۾ľ岻κ˼Ӧ
ǵ϶ڹʱĳִĿİ׹⣬ͣ餵ʥĽáݵҸպøһǸĹľԱʹظ֡
ǡ˭أ˭׷Ĺײģ˵غʱȻѣȴԼоҪˡ
Ѿ̫ܼǸ˵ˣһ˲䣬ȻǸ˾˹٣뷨ʹļѣöûƽ
άŵ˻֣㲻ķ˰ɣ
ʶԼĶͷȡ
һ΢־øղŵ뷨̫ףֱڹʲô飬˺Ƥ۷塣
ӦáûаɡŶͷ̾

ͬʱ˹ٿǽϣҽԺĲƺ
һ뿪ΪԼиеڡ
̫£һʱûƺܱнһλٰעⲨǵĶµڻ֪鷳
ʱ˿̣Ѿڰά˹вǰ裬ҪӢŵɭУֹ
õϢ磬⵽ϮʱλپƬҲûе󣬽Ĺ񽻸˹Լгҹ̸˻ȥ˰ɣ¬˹ɹԢֻǸոպø϶ѡ
ҲҲϲάŵˣе
ǣȻһҪ֪ͨ˼ûУԶٻԸܱѶֹά˹ʵܶࡣ
˹̾˿
ûаԼˣȻҲû¶Ҫ֪ͨɫ˵仰ЩˣʮĪ
֪ô͡
ԷʱϴŲ̧ͷȥƼǰ̽ŵİά˹һ۶ԷŵļʳĺͲƷԼ໳ﱧŵһʻˮӡ
˹٣
Ǹά˹˵
лҪ˵orzǣ첻ˣҪʼոˣǴʮԺ͸ոǼĵñȽ˳ŸˣڡҪĵĵط̫ˣҵٶһŪһ£ΪǸհɡҾԼһʲôӣ
һһһorzеϡ
QAQ첻Ӵ¡

22

һҹδ飬һͦĵء
صѾǵ磬û֪ͨ𣿡
ɼɳ£ݺõĺݸȥôˣ
˵ǴܱõϢŲ豭ȣŵ档
ɲǺ⣬Цת˻棺ǻ𣿰ά˹Ǳߡ
⵹ʱصģȥάŵȻѾӢŵɭɽ˵άŵҪٻҪסһ¡
һ֮Ҫǰ裿
࣬ˡЦЦ
Ҳãʱڰѡ¾ӣ鱨ݵİǨҲҪճˡ£óĸֱʺСৼ·ʲôҪ𣿡
Ľһ㣬Ҫ̫ӣ㰲Űɡ˵
˱ɵʱ·ͳһ/ǹӵϣ̧ͷۣһ£ȵʣĴǹ
ѽգգۣҺðά˹ûжȻͻúΡ
Ц˳𣿡
̫ᡣϵ׳
Ҽǵıֺܲ
Ǻʵս¡
Ҳԣһ졣Ц˵

óſڿӣֺƵҲű֪ٻˡ
ɽСʱȻ˵ΰҴæͰɣ
𾪵ض
ôˣֵػ
ôȻתˣ
ֻǳԶͶѣʾһ¸л˵лҲܣ뵽ֻˡ
ģҾԻΪ׼ǰʢ͡һ
ܾȻ˾񣬲ɻض࿴ۡ

άŵԺԺڱﾲʮգһºܿȥ¹ݹһ죬ϣ˹ٱ͡
յǰɺͼгʦóʮ龫׼ģƷ൱ʢҲõʮݻ⻪Ž˹ٶһ
ͽе;ʱʣǽǲǴذ裿
ǵģҪЩ׼һԺ˵
⻰άŵɫؼȺƣȴһ¡
ֱͽ˹ٵǰĿȥֹȴʲôû˵
𣿡طϢ֮ʱЩʧάŵ
ûʲôòõġάŵ˵ҲϽǸܲͬ飬£ǻӦ

һ磬ûϰ࣬˹ȥ鿴ʱһ黳ڴͷ
ҪҪ˸ȥŻ˹ٵİ칫ҡ
ȥɡ˹ٿ˿ǿ黳˹³ȥ
ǰ⣬һֱȥ鱨ݣһ·ϲ֪Ϊʲôܾͷյġ
ƽھԶĵط³ͽ߹ȥ濴ղ޲ֻͬųţͥ԰ϰΡ
˹˹ǰժñӣڼ𣿡
ŵÿض˰ΣѾǰˣȻûߴ𣿡
ʲô˹ٵɫЩ԰ס
Ѿǰˡظһ飬С㣬άŵүаɣˣʰһ
ǼĻ𳵣˹ٵЩֻԺпհƬ̡
ʮһ룬복վվ̨˵ȥɣȥϵü
˹ٿ˿лѾʮʮ֣æлת˼ֻعԽһƥ𣿡
ͷؽһƥɫĳԯϽݸ
˹ٷٶȴǰУһ·Ϸ۵šôϣԼƥӢѪ˿ԣһܸڷʱ֮ǰվ̨
ƭ˵һ֮ߣʵȴڽ춯ȥ
˹˵ʲôζҲûжʱȥ˸УռȫʶƥܵٿҲⲻеĽơ복վʱѾʮһʮվȥƿǰֹӵȺ̲ס񻶽һҹ˳пӰӣʱҲһһеǰ񱼡
⼸µʱ·õģԭʲôûб䡣
ʮһʮ壬ٶȵִ˵վ̨
վ̨ϵֻʣºһ֣ɢڸǰ˿Ͷϳ˹վ̨ܣĿɨÿһףûУûУûУȥ
Ȼ䣬ͣ˽Ųǰǽڳſڣάŵڽһصϻ𳵡
˹ܹȥûбˣֻάŵվſڡ
άŵһ
أ˹ٴ
άŵָָͷͰŸˮϣƺϳȴΪĳͣ˽Ų
˹ٶһˣϢƽҪˣ
ɤ΢΢Щ˻ƣ
СĶ۾ĬĬƿĿ⣬߬ȭ
һ磬Ѿ¹ݵݽ˴ǳʡ͸˵ƣȻҪذ裬ôҲȥԭΪѰ㣬ҪˣҼûκ塣
Żһˮûǰȥƹᡣ
ʱ΢Сĺ߽Ҫͣ½Ųͷ
ûκηӦ̤Ͻ복̨ס
ȻԸǸȥ˹ٳʱһֱ߬ö
ǸվڳԼ˵ԴӼ㣬Ҿһֱ壬֪㲻ٻͷˡǾˣһǻ׷ȥ裬ٴҵ㣬³䶨֮ǰҲ뿪㡣
Ƴ𣬻ӣ𳵾Ҫվ
һع
˹û뵽ͷ¶ЩȻɫ۾
һҪ֣͸Ǿ壬ӢŵɭǲģȥһὫˡܻʧȥһУ𣿡
ҵȻףҵĵˡ˹ٱ˵ľҲ֮ƽôˣҲĻʧȥһС
ֿһͷ𳵾Ҫˡ
ɫ֮ȻĬĬĿ⡣
ɡ˵鷳ǵù
Ȼ˼ɿȥ
˹̧ͷһĻֻ߳ᣬάŵҲվ̨һһӳг˳
ͬʱٴ𣬳Żرգ𳵻еУ˹ټ벻׾ʲô¡
첻˰ɡ˵Ǹٳ
ġάŵ΢Цʼ磬Ҳûֳκβ졣
̧ͷԽԭص˹٣ˣҿĵطĬĬ޷֪Σգ硭
ԻĿ⣬Ƕһ𣬾ʲô£Ҳܹչˡ
ʻû˹ٻˡ
Ǹεس΢Цһ£졭Ըһذ𣿡
һĬȻΣǰʵ
ΣءЦˣ˵Ҫٶҡ
лҪ˵һorzллۿڶ

23

һº󣬷裬ʥЪ
¬ɭ԰ԱһլۡУ鷿ǰ͸԰
԰ƺ£άŵϰѹȣͼͶȡ˹Ϊ̵վߣʱʱᰴһļϰǰЩ
ͺۣĬĬջĿ⡣
ڵլۡǼǰɸڰ蹺õ¾ӡλÿģլۡԭȵĲ鱨ݣ̶ȴй֮޲ѡ˷ڱ仯İ˷ڲװǸûʵɿɷһ͹˸ҡŸƵĽ˵ʲôƷζȴܷϲãȻ侲ȴһϲŵˡ
ţĺ߽ʱάŵѾʼϰ棬ܹĲҽ
ϸ񡣡ɽϣ⡣
˵Ҳս֮һ̾˿
˵ûҵںҲⷽѵЦЦôȥһϰ
һйҪЦ
µİǨ鱨ݵĵ裬һִڴˣһִڳ¹õı֮СʱûĵݿɹãɻѰҺʵĵص㡣
ͷֽϻ˼֣ûҪ뿪˼̧ͷʣڶȥ𣿡
ǡݸһЦʵŵġ
һöŻӡĽŷ⽻ɫӡҹݺļһաŵ˹ģ
ûӸղ
ţȡƱǾʮҹڰԺݳĸı硶ķء볡ƱŷгƱһ
Ҫʲô˶ŷ⡣ŵ˹ҪԼ죬ѡһЩĵطѧĻݾǸĵص㡣ڸԺ罻ʥأһ㶼ĳϣʵڲʺѼ档
λʲôû˵˵ҪҪȥʲ
ˣһذûȥһˡƱŷС
ʱôһͷάŵƣߵؿվţͷ
æάŵſڴ̨ϴ˿ѹ˵ұˮȡ
Լĺݸôôۣ
άŵǱ蹾˹˹ȥȫûϸƷ䴼ĿڸУɿʮʹġ
ֳ˿˶ٸԭظ̧ȣҪˡ
Һһ𡣡ЦЦ
У㲻һʼָǿѵҪάŵձӽ˵ˣһȥˣĽûء
ͷһ˹Ѿ뿪Ƭǰ˹
Ϣһ£¿ʼˣʣµĿϰ˵һ춼пգ
άŵ˿
תתĸֱʣԸͶ׼νѬ㣬õĺó
ᣬάŵû壬쳣˹ȴһֲ©ˡ
ô鷳æ˵Եͺá
ôУɲǼҵĴ֮ЦЦԷĵĲˡ
졣
ĬĬ뿪鷿ȥලʦ׼ͣתάŵ˵ղŵ˹ŸԺƱʮп𣿡
пհάŵ˵
˹ʮ壿

ǲڰԺ
û
ҽҲյƱ˵ǵһ
һȥ΢Цȵŵ˹Ǽһڸʲô

˹ٻǵǰڸԺμʱ̨ݵǸı硪ҹ֮Ρ
һΣŵ˹ƱǸı硶ķء볡ȯ
ǰǰ飬һصǸ˹ٺġ
һǾʮԺ֮Լգ˹ûǰкŵ˹פĶ/ҩѧݡ
λڰ˹һѧ̣רѧƵˮͻƷȻŶ/ҩѧôһ̴ֲ֣Ӳ۶/ҩ統ּԣо/ҩΪ˺ˣΪ˾ˡ
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ֱӵϻ㣬˻᳤칫ҵš
ŵ˹Ŵ򿪣㣿ôҲûͨ
ĳͣȻҪͨ˹ٻֹš
ĲڴǰЦ⡣ɫڣͫɫϣʮֲ԰ףݣŰ׳ͺɫװףէЩаȴ͸¶䲻ͳ֮ɫ
ȥ׼һڿȡһԵĴ߷Ը
칫רŵĻ˹ɳãڿȱѷϡ
ʲôûӡŵ˹̯̯֣̾һǲƷζһЩĿȻȽϺúȡ
Ҳʳ˹ٶӣŵŨζֻҵܻ׼ڿȺͲǵĲ裬Ҿϰִˡ
ϲ
´׼
˼£ζ˴ƫ𣿡ŵ˹Ц治ķ񡣡
˹ûԴӴ¿ڴȡһƬ˹ȥ黹Ƭ
ƬʮˣǶ/ҩѧԱǰѧٰɳʱŵ˹µģŮҲУһ̫۵λú¹塣
ŵ˹Ƭ˿ʵ㲻Ҳԡ
ǰ֮󲻾ã˹ݣϴһƬ/ҩѧÿһλһЩƬڼ棬ȴϾǹžͷҲһĺգᣬƬʵϡ١
Ƕʱ˹ŵ˹ĵؽƬ
ѾҪˡ˹˵ϲգҲϲ˽Ƭûȥڼɡ
㻹塣ŵ˹ЦЦ˵ʱճȥ˹ظۡĹϵչô
޹ء˹ɫѵھǱ磬úȻص裬۽ķӦҪƽˡ
ģǣˡŵ˹ü۲ƽǲڱֽ˵ѡڸˣ˽춼̸άŵ
άŵʧ١δٷȻ϶ȴвĴ滳ɡʬ˶λɰѰһŵ˹˵
һ˹ҲᣬʶЩˣͲֹһ漣˵ʲôʬꡢ
˶ǹٷ϶֮ˣ˹һʾˣôдŵ˹˵ҿʱû˸άŵǵǸӷʵʹҶ֪
á˹ٵ˵
άŵ֮󣬹ҲֳɣһӢŵɭָأһġƣĿԻǺܴġ
ҵƭȥԺǸǵѡ񡣡ŵ˹пȻڿܻӢŵɭġֿѡء
ֿ˹̲ס˸
˵ˡ˵ԺƱʲô˼ѵʲôİţ
лҪ˵ڻذ_(:١)_
ºǸո׶_(:١)_

24

ô֪ŵ˹գգ۾
Ȼ˹ٻδ˵꣬ŽͨСˡ
ô͵ѽŵ˹Цſ˿
˹һ⣬˻ûŵ˹˵Լȣʵڲɡ
ȸǡ˹پҪ
ѽŵ˹Цһץסĸ첲
ȥ˹ٱ칫ҵ׼䣬뽫Լڴ˴ɲ죺ʲô
ꡣŵ˹һƣŹصֻһ϶վЦ˵ţҪ
Цˡ˹סţ͵˵
Ȼأŵ˹ʼ磬ڳȥһʱҾͶ˵ڰһλ鸾ѯεõġ
ֹŲš
ŲҪұѻı¡ŵ˹ЦйķСǵҿǼǵһ¾Ͱ
ţֺֽŴ򿪣Ǳڿȵ˽ҪҾͽСʷ¼һݽ
˹٣
ϸ˵ûʲôʷɣŵ˹ַӾܱһ㹻Լġ˹١µʷ
칫ҵʱŵ˹洺ɳϣĴţֵҵԼ˽վſڣԷ飬ԥƬ̲ſЦ˵졭ɫðʲô𣿡
ûʲôŵ˹õؿһ
̾˿߽ÿμ㶼ñȴǰˣ𣿡
ұͺᡣŵ˹˵
ȥĬǰԺյĹһӵܱΪʵŵ˹ǰĲ֮һûκοɳƵļ屳λȫƾ׬ġ
ɳ£ϣָܵ˷Ǳڿµ¶ȡ
ղпˣʣʱ߶һ
ļߣѾˡŵ˹ֿһ˶񣬡ذˣôҲң
㲻Ҳûȥò׽˽ȣ˵ں᲻ѧвõӰ죿
ù˼ôࡣŵ˹˵Ӣŵɭ⵽ӦҲûҪڰ裬ά/ҩѧˡ
ҾͲˡЦһͳžԺƱϣΪʲôǡķءǹİɣ
ŵ˹⡭
Ű屻͵˹΢Цһ£Ҳŵ˹İϷƺϲѸʵӦ
Ӧŵ˹̾ϢһźǣķءǸ磬ұѡġúòؾۣʮҹõѡ񣬿ϧԺûϷ糡ĵֲߣԭҰɡ
쾿ʲô
ܡŵ˹תװʹ羰
һϲأ˳㶫ʵףҲһ㣬Żĳһ°˼⡣
Ϊʲôһŵ¸߽
ƺ͵仰ŵ˹һӸ
ڷе˹һҪųȥ

һСʱ뿪ݣ˹߳䣬ɫ԰ף͸żƣ룬·ֻ͵ͺķ
ߵǰ⿴ǡõ¥£ڹ·Ӱֱתһ·ʧ
ö˶˵ģ˵Щʲô̾˿ճȭڱĴ̨ϣɫ
ȻˣҵȻҪʵ档ŵ˹˵ʹǰ㲻֪̫ίˣ
Щºȫ޹ϵ˹ٵ˵Щǰװĸ
ŵ˹ЦŴôϲҪ֪źá
ϲңǱҸΡ
ûôƸءŵ˹̧ۿΣ̾˿˵ô֪ϲ㣿
˹û˵ֻǵ
Ҳˣһпŵ˹ЦЦҶӮˣͰصǰǶʿ͸ңͷòã
˹٣˭ˣ
Ϊ۴δе޴ûټҲûȷܾԼϾԣܵõģʱһʿ㲻ʲô
ŵ˹͵Ц

պİԺΪ
ķءһɾϷıɵĸ磬ԾԺѾ˰Σûм˶İյԱݱҲûʲôĸı䡣ճҹĸԺ͸ƽʱһϯʮ֮ĵĿλȴý˶ЩΣ˰СʱĹϯѾˡ
Ҳʮ־ˣƽһĻϷݵʱ򣬴һİᶼǿյģ뿪Ļһʱ䣬ķ֮İᱻռˡ
֮İУŵ˹ΪԤλãԺȻô֣ʵЩϰߡ
ʲô𣿡ʣ˵뿪꣬ԺѾͬˣ
άŵҲʮ˹ٽпǰλǣԼںţ˵ЩѰʲôǲ֪ĽĿ
żҲԺĿʵͨдϷϣϢȴĳȦӲֶߣ;
Ǿ΢ڴһ°ɡάŵĹ۾Զʼ۲Ŀǡ
˼ӾˣԶת۲˹ٵķΡ
˹ٴƷʱӶ࣬żҲǿʽȵİɫϵȥƷûֱ𡣽ڸԺֳϣ״Ȼһڣȴ͵ţĳҲƽвͬ
˹٣ô
ûʲôάŵ̾Ϣת
˹٣
뿪ôãάŵеԼѾ׷ϲʱĳһֱоеķװʽ
һɫװɫд°ɫϥ̿ͺɫ࣬һ˫ɫЬʺĿʽòȷʵһУżȴմϱߣ·ܳĳʡάŵԭͦģǿ˹ٵ֮еŵķ
ȻĥѣάŵСɵүƢѾ˹һϲݻƷζʮޣһðݣͻῪʼڷװ¹Ҫ򵥵һ׳ڷ£ûκζװΣ򲻿ϵġ
άŵ˼νԼóЩʱǵǼš
лҪ˵άŵǸɬϣʵǸܼү

25

λ֮İλҲǿϷõλãȴǳͷõλá
͸ԣ̨ͨϯλãռݰĹȴϸȥ磬ڸԺʱͨķڷ罻ϣǹ۲Ĺڡڲͬİȥʶ¹򹮹̾еꡣ
λãİᣬжԣַĿϯĿ˶ע⵽ǡλѵãԭŵ˹õλŵ˹ûøǣǼλͬĿİᣬ˹ټǵúһĬҳõλá
ǼŴ򿪣İĺ˽ںε࣬δ¶档
˫һֱǼᣬһߺʱƿĿ⡣άŵȻҲ۲棬ȴı顣
˵·᲻Щɣʡ
ô᣿һۣɫʺѽ
Ҿ񽫾űȽϺÿάŵسһԼ½ǡ
ɫ𣿡ͷ˹٣˹ٶĿ⣬ӱһ˲ܿ¿
Դǰ뿪/ҩѧᣬǾû棬ֱյ龰˹ܾʱֶ˼ĲǰеĽ޴֮Ҳˣ֪˴ǰЩ¹Ȼǲǵġ
ϿԺ򾲣ЦЦ˵ֲһôܴͬ·
ֺÿ

һ뻻һַƺҴǰĴ磬Ѿˡάŵ˵˵
ʦͲ÷·Ҳҵе̫ˡ΢Ц
̸Уǵľȴڸ߶Ƚŵ״̬Ϊŵ˹Ե޹磬Ŀǡķء˵Ӣŵɭܿܵ
δУһطζɡ
뿪Ļмӵʱ䣬һδˡ
侲עǵ飬ȻסˣΪ˾ȻӢŵɭһδòꡣ

괩Űɫ˿ɫ˫ſףʯŦۿŽĶдǿĺҶߣɫ£ǰ׺˻ſ뱦ʯ°Ǻɫ̵̿ĳѥʵڻù֣Ϊ鱦ʯδ̫ˣ⣬һ־˾Ժо˵Ŀ⡣
ݲ԰ף˫з·żصǳһͿǰϣĿѰƬ̣նڵС
ΪķԽɫΪ⹹ĻԺϣ·ˣĳԵ˽ɫɫʱļ¸߹
Ƭ̣ɫӲվ
λȻֵʵҫۣۿŻųƺǽǡֻ˶ⲻ֪ԼڶԷҲͬעĿ
촩ŵǡǰɫ˿ɫȹһϲɫһĬޱȡ
ȵģϵɺϣǶԷò
ĽɫǳάŵĽãǼ˲ɫƤլԺչĹǰ԰ף˫ۣǾƺɫġ
̫ˡ
άŵҲȻվΪǰλòֻʣ̫ˡ
ǣάŵԼ۾
ᡣںŵ˹ɫأѹᡤ÷˹ƶ¡

ӵ£άŵ𾪲ѡ
ǿ¡˹ٵ˵罻ȽҲδýϹ¶棬ǲʶ
άŵתͷſᣬҪϿʲô˹򣬻ǰʱ龰
ΪԼԶʧȥ֮£ŵ˹Ϊȥμ¬磬ͬʱҲǵӿᡤ÷˹ƶʽ罻ףᡣ˹ԭһ㶼ȥǻҸȥδԵöԻӲټŵ˹һĥӲݣڻȥμˡ
ǳμ˿ᣬյάŵһҲ˼ȵ𾪡
ͬӰɫͬƹ밵ĸʣ£òƣ΢ЦʱģǴһģ̳ġ
˵һ˿ŲɸѵϵǸֻǿᡣ
ʱŵ˹ӲҪ﾿ʲôĿģŵ˹ȴشֻ˵һ顣˹ʣǲǺʲôϵŵ˹Ц˵ֻǳˡ
ֻǳ˵üȷмƣûеǳĵز˾ȵƷζϵƣⲻǽáɺϡ־ܺŪȥġ
˹Ҳֻܽŵ˹˵Ͼⲻˡ
̧ͷıӰԴӿ֣ĿһֱϣһԼƵˣ˭ܲҲӹֳȻ΢Ц
ΪʲôӢŵɭİάŵԾز
˹΢΢һǶľ޳ȫעȻӢŵɭǼᲢǽӢŵɭǻӵҪ磬лʼרĺɹѡûҪ𽵹ܵĬҵȥ
Ǽֻ˵Ӣŵɭģô֮Ĺϵֵ̽ˡ
ʱٶȿһ˽
γֵڴѾõλ
ӢŵɭĬһīɫɫд̬е߽Լİᡣĳһɢڼͷһ˫͵Ĵɫ۾âͦΣݰ㡣
Ѿʮˣ˹ٻҪ곤һЩȴͬʮꡣ
ڿһ˲䣬άŵ˶סˡ
ͬĲý𷢺ʹͫ˵ͬһѪҺ
ÿ뵽һ㣬άŵö
лҪ˵ûһöꡭ
Ѿҩɾˡ
Ȼص˰赫ǽûκʵԷչ=L=
ٵȵȣд=L=

һΪ_(:١)_

26

Ӣŵɭڿʼյֻɨһۣתͷ΢Ц˵
ʱʱ΢΢̧һüëСǸ˼˿
˵˼仰֮Ӣŵɭ̧ͷԶԶɫƽ΢Цһ¡
ںſһĻ˹ֻúܱȫץεķ֣˺ôסвĸо侲ûж
Ҳ飬һۣתĿȥᡣ񲻾ϣ¶ǳ΢Ц
ʱ翪ĻĻһ˲䣬λŵļھȻ꣬Ӵ󣬽Գ΢磬ƮɢϯϿٻ£ԺھһɫĻꡣ
ЧȻҲºǶô鷳ڰԺˣҲֻǿˡڹڵһƬ̾У䵽ϵһöϸ
õ壿
ƺõ塣άŵҲơ
̨ϵĽѾʱԱĳҵѿʼȴûм˹עǵıݡڵעǱֱȻµĻңеĴ˴ֵģۿʱĲڽ¶š
ʦԱٳӵ˿δܵӰ죬һĻеһʱ価Ҳʱָ˱Ӧе밲
˹پŶеĶˣǰҲŵ˹ṩʱӢŵɭߵ
ȥȫһǰʱ̫ңɼ˹ãֻܺ˵һ仰£Լֿɼĵط
﷢һУһξ

һĻĻ䣬Ƭ̼Ъ߳˰ᡣԴһŰᱳƶƺҪƹ糡
άŵĿⲻֱڽǶʵڿˡ
ģСղһֱ㿴
άŵ͸¶ʵҲûףȴֱֻο˵Ҫ
˹ںųĬֱű£š
ڰ⣬˹ٹһ񣺡¡
Ϻá΢΢һЦ
λӵ£Ǿµա԰ɫעĿƵĸ˸ƲĿ⣬άŵòǸɫꡣ
С㣬άŵμ棬ðˡԵ΢΢һæ
άŵٴе̬ȲͬʼնܴݣֻǹѴкէһˣάŵ˼룬ԭͶʮ⡭˵ɺҲǴڵģûô롣
ע⵽άŵû˵ڵĸܣ΢ЦЦ˵ݷûʲôĿģֻӼǰʼҾͶ԰Ķ/ҩѧʮָȤҲŵ˹йһЩ˵һʼ
ʶص˵ͷ
ԣһֱʶһ㡣˵ǰ뿪裬δ棬ڻŰŵ˹һʶĻᡣ
ⷬ˵úܵ޷룬ֻ˵ÿһ֡
άŵĥѾ֪˹֮Իʶǰŵ˹ͣһᣬǶ罻Ȧչģ
ܸ档Цˣ˹ٸеЩȡӡУʮֵ䣬ԼһǳֶصΪ˲ԵİĽЦݾż¶ǰϡ٣΢ЦʱֲܼƼһ㷢ĵЦݣ˹ټûϿ
죬ƺĺܿġ
лллŵ˵
ˡὫһֱ־ٵǰһ֧òֽŻĺɫõ壬΢Ц㡣
άŵ˰Ρ
˵ǹע۵Ķ֪ӿӰõ壬ŮȻٲһ֧õ塣ֻĸϲöѣûʲôĺ塣
ԣҲͽ˹ٴεл
λˡһʱ䣬һǰ˹լۡݷСάŵҾȸˡ
ȫëάŵĳԭе⣬ʱҲ޷˵ʲô
ֱ뿪Ӻ󣬰е˻һֹİС
ȴ˳Ĭֻõ塭
Űɡάŵҿʲô⡣

ԼСʱ󣬸Ļһ£ڷ׷߳Ժǵȵɢòˣ뿪¥ȥ
ǰĽϣٴ˿ᣬ߸żӢŵɭԶĵطĿһκײϣЦһ¾ͱ̨ԼȥӢŵɭϡʼգǿӰһ㣬δйκֹҲ˵
ӢŵɭͬһǼԶȥɫЩ
ʵղǼĻ˭ԿĹϵܲ⡣ô˵ӵºĬҵСʲôϵأֻǳҲֻǳѣֿԣǲ˵ڵԡ
ȻլۡɣǺ棬ǻȥ˹˵
лҪ˵ͷʹҪըorzһҪ˯ٺȿȲҪѧ
º

˹٣ʲô
˹ţ
˹

˹ţӢϵƷ֮һ԰ٶȰٿƣ
ԲҲøȡ_(:١)_

27

͵õ屻ɲڲƿ˴ǰ֮˭Ҳûλ¡
պ˹·/ҩѧݣվڽֱ߿˿¥Ĵȥơ
ŵ˹ڰ칫ֽһЦЦʣҪȵʲô
˹˵
һǲǱʲô˰ŵ˹ŵ̾ϢһҪôǰ˵ĿζҲܸı䣿
˵䲻˹ٶһۡ
λã߶ŵ˹Це˵֪һֶ˵㻹ң
˹ٴ۽ޣò迧ȣ̧ͷʱɫʮƽΪʲôͿ棿
ôʶ˴Ǽ°ɣŵ˹˵˵Ӣŵɭҵ˿ᵱɽֻҪʵѡ
𲨲鱨ݣ㵹鱨ġ
ô˵鱨յŷ޵Ĵ鱨ֻǶߵС±ȽϹİˡŵ˹ЦЦ
֮ǰҾʹ㡣˹ٿͿᵽʲôϵ
뵽Ķȥˣŵ˹ͷҿɲ˵ֻɺأ
ôΪҪʾã
֪ʲôɣŵ˹ЦЦӢŵɭʱӽҲûԭġ
֪Ķҡ
ʲô֪ŵ˹޹̯̯֡
˹ٵȥܱŵѶҹ۹𣿡
ιǷİɣŵ˹ЦŰڰ֣αżںҲ²Ҳò֤ʵ˵ǲǵģĳֶҪûκӰ졣
ûӰ죿˹ۡ
ûСŵ˹϶ظһ飬ֻҪԭȵĲ¾Ϳˡ

磬άŵں԰Ĳƺһʽˮ꣬һһ̳ʱ֪ʱ£վָ֮ĵط
άŵϸ
ҪдŲǺܶ࣬ҳɢɢġǰ˼
Ҫ𣿡άŵ˵ལ΢Ц콫ûգҳûָһΡ
нӹϸ֮ǰѧʹ˼УʮɬذʱϰҲʵ壬ΨûнӴʹĻСʱѧǼС
άŵӵϼһ֦ظһʽȻֻصһͻ̵ĶӦ
ѧһ飬ڽ̳֮ʱάŵǰֱ̧Щѽ𣿡
á
ͻ̵ĶҪٿһЩֱ̧һ㡣άŵ֦ʾһΡ
һѾ׼ࡣ
ԣûյһЩ͸ˡ
άŵһһֱָһʽѧ꣬ʱ䲻ȥһСʱ˲ϵϸо΢һҪ졣
ҪҪңάŵֳ֦΢Цվǰ
ϸûпеģǽ⴦Щ񣬴̵۾ΣաάŵҲûдʲôߣһֻۣ첲кˡ
˰ΣҵʹղѧһУһ̵ؿڡ
ûʲôϸһؿڵĳصˣȻάŵƬ̣Ȼ⡰һ˲ƺϡ

άŵڵ̾Ϣһҿûзˮ˵öԣȷʵս츳ȥͰɣ
ܴù˭ڲݵߡ
ʵҽ̵úãʦôάŵЦתͷ
㡣
άŵغ˿ֱָָ̧ϣ˾Ϣһ㿴ϵƶÿ
̧ͷգҲĲƺ
һƬףŵݵķ㣬ǿлƮİƣЩ롣
þûôˡ˵
ǰÿۡάŵ૵˵Ҳ֪ӻܳá
һֱȥġĬһڣҪҡ
ʲôʱˣάŵ𣬡Сͺܿס
û˵۾˯ȥһֱ˯ɽȥ͡άŵͷ˿˵𣿡
ۣ˵ɡ
άŵٴνĿеİϣܾصġ
㲻Ҳ𣿡
Ϊʵ̫ˣֻʶʮơάŵ˵ҵȻҪ˼һͨˡ
ƣʣɱˡ
˭˵ģֲ԰飬Ǻǰһģһ𣿡άŵ
𣿡
ÿᵽͺȫһάŵ̾˿Сʱɲôɰ
Ҳˡ
˵ġάŵݸãվ˭Ǳߵģ
𣿡תͷ
ìܣӢŵɭͬͬȴʾãѵ֪֮Ĺϵάŵ˵ȫ趼֪ЭˡǰͺӢŵɭˣٹªҲܲӢŵɭƤõ㡣
ӢŵɭķӦƽ˵
ôǻӣʲôܲšάŵ˵Ҳ֪Ϊʲôߵһ𣬵ûʲô⡣
Ҳڹ۲ɡ
۲𣿡άŵüҲϣӢŵɭá
Цһ£Ͼǻӵ£Сء
ûֻӢŵɭͬһ￴Ϸ۽ķ˲תˡάŵһθʹı顣
ӢŵɭָأŻᱻϻص裬˶֪ǵάŵĬһҿԣδʹ·κμ⡣
ȻԴӸԺһƺָ˷򣬷׷Ӣŵɭһȥֽǰ𾪰ľɰҲټɻ̸άŵﷸݣȻõĶǡơɡ֮ģɡ˵Ĵȴʮȷˡ
㲻𣿡ʣ֪ԼΪӰۣôˣ˿ûй˼ĸܡ
ʲôҪ˼ҵĸܣҲҾ֣ǿϲŶҿְˡάŵ˵ҲΪͼǺǶǹȥˡ
ҲϲڸͷĳƵƵȥܵʹࡣ˵Ǿͺҽһȥʹ൱ĽڣΪ֮ŭųоҲЩҵﷸˣǲ֮ǶҵĿȻı䡣
㲻𣿡⡣
άŵƫͷΡ
Ҳ׼⡣ֱҪѿᵱɵˡ
գգ۾¡Ҳ⣿
ʲôϵ𣿡άŵ濴⾿ôһ£ɺϻ飬Ƕһ֪ġ
۷ʲôҶĸ磬Զҵá˵ˡض޹ϵйضѡ
㶵ؿ
ѵ𣿡άŵ΢Ц
һʱûػֻǾճѹϵǿʯˡ

͹άŵط˯һߺȺһ߿ŰɰŪǰ֧õ塣õûǼ컹ǽεģѾЩήˡ
磬ĳѾ濼һҪ¡
ɫĻ䣬˼Ƭ̣ʣɣլۡл𣿡
а߾һҡ˵Ҳ⻨ûˡ
򵽴õ𣿡ʡ
٣ɻͷ
ŰپʮŶ䡣΢Ц
Ӧû⣬ȥʻϰ塣ЦЦʲôˣ
лҪ˵άŵСʹ_(:١)_

28

պ磬˹ٴܱ˾صңڸۡǰͣ£ûмǰߡ̽ͷ˿ֻһݺĻͣǰܴƥţҵĳڶ˸ʵ
ʲôü
ܼǡþǰӭǰ˵ǸƷǩա
˹ֻ³ڸ˻ĵԱϵǩյǩԼ֣˿ϵƷĿֻдˡɯõ塱ͷǻƣȴûдˡ
õ壿ɻ̧ͷ˿ǰСĻ
µǽ˰ɣԱۣһ˫ţһ˲䣬ɢĻų΢Ʈ
˹סˣڵĹЩǿõ廨ɵľ޴ţõҰ˳ţ˫ŵ޷ǣҪıڵӵǰ
ǡ޷Լ𾪡
ĻǺ͵ԱһõĻһһشϰһǾÿһһʮһ䣬ĵؽһڳԲΣٽʵʵɾ޴һ
ɢ˲ٻ꣬ʱլۡǰõɫһ޴󵽲˼õ廨š
Щ󣬵Աֱ˲¶ְҵ΢ЦмɫֽĻȡһöǳɫƬݸ˹١
ʥЪֵ˹С͸ľŰپʮŶõ廨ˣʲժãǰԺȥɣԱЦ˵
˹ԭֻǳУʱһֽӹſƬ˿д֡
˹ٵõ

ȷʵּûд
͸ҵģԱȷһ顣
ûС㷽ȻġԱ΢Ц˵
˹ٽסĿƬ˵
УҲûԼյõ壬һһŰپʮŶ䣬̫ڴˡʱֵҸ壬ǻϲʱԼĴھͷѾЩˡ
ȥɡùܼҴţȪǰƬƺϡ
Ա޴Ļ˽լۡ˹ָλãǳȥ˹վլۡǰɢһصõ컨꣬Ըܼ˵˰Щռ֮á
ܼҵͷӦ£ЦЦ˵ôôģ
𣿡˹Щ죬ȷʵǳˣһĲ˿Ȼƫܼʳ仰ʶԼǾȻһֱԾţʵ̫ˡ
һת˻棺õⶫڻã
÷ڣЩõ˶ã紵ɹǼӿήٶȡܼҴ
˰ᵽҷ˹˵ûа취ǴøЩ𣿡
Ƴɸɻܼ˵Ȼһܻ֮ήġ
˹ЩʹҲûа취ȡеһƳɸɻ
ܼҽռϵĻ꣬˹լۡȪߣӻժһ֧õ壬õ彿ΣϻмξӨˮ顣СŻרעؿ˰ΣعʱȻԼ΢Ц

ڶ˹ʱе㻳췢ֻһΣֱǾŰپʮŶõɵľ޴΢ġ
ùͺһֱȵŵȥʥЪֵݷȻǰӭİȴǸ˵άŵүȥˡ
˹
ĺܱǸɿЦãǹģֻҪһ顣
֪ͳЩõ֮󣬾һֱڽﻭȦȦһЩ˿ǵ¶
ô᲻᲻գ
е̫ˣ᲻Ű
õⶫ᲻᲻ϲ
⣬ڽԼü飬һ͸άŵȥˣ˵ȥת飬˵ˡ
˹ٴ˰ɵ˼ͷ룬ʣ
ǵģȻһ£緹ʱ͸ûˡæ˵
ˣ˹΢Цһ¡
ӣ˹ٴլۡǰ˵İɡ
ǸάŵүȥɭȥˡֻڵڸȥĶԲĲǲǡ
ס˹ʧЦֹסĻͷûϵģȥ
ĵ࣬˹ٵִﲼɭ֡

ɭһƬľϡĲݵϣάŵָѧ
СڰŵĻᶼ٣һ˶û˽̹άŵڲ޵ŷסׯ԰ǰкôһƬݳڲݳȥϲ£меЩ˶ҲԹòЩɫԼĶһȫ̸Щ˶ҲʱЩ顣
άŵİ¬ƥǰòŸ£ѩ׵ëɫýΣʾѵһıԡټĸԳ˳Ƣڳѧ˵ʮְȫάŵԼլۡԭеһƥɫ׿ಽظߣϸŵָļɺͷ
һʱߵĸ߶һ̧˲٣ҰҲ֮࣬΢紵ʱĸоƽʱͬΪʵ΢˷һ£һǼ¶ʱ׵Ժȥˡ¬ǳѱܸоƽȺʱ΢
Ҳѹ𣿡ʣʵҲ֪ᡣ
άŵϺˮԲˮ
ȿȿȡģĴˣһƥͨкüٹأʮֹЦĨĨ촽ղߵһСθоô
еߡ˷ԼͷоҪˡ
ٽЩ御ɡάŵ˵ҲҪ̫ɣǧˡ
ͷʱʱ̶̿ڸƥϸ΢
սάŵģһ䣬ǰһСΡ
߶ͣ»תļѧˣһʼϣϰеû䣬Ĳȣšζ̾УĽ֮Ҳپõܹظܵ״̬붯
ڿӿٶˡάŵ˵ȵ㹻ȫԦ֮󣬻һֺΪһĸоҪעӸУĬ
ͷǰеٶ𽥿άŵϡάŵ֮ǰ̹ģǰƣٶ֮ԽԽ죬άŵæں溰:̫ˣһ㡣
壬Ļص״̬ٹȻ
ȵٴλصٶʱתͷάŵЦЦȻܺ档
άŵ̾˿ѧúܿ죬ҵǻһĹѧᡣ
ΪʱСЦ˵˵ƥһƥƢһģͲô˳ˡ
߼ЩҪˣҪͶ룬Ĭͨϸ΢Ķжָάŵ˵һȦܻȥɣŸѧᣬҪСЩٶȱ̫ˡ
õġ˵
ǴСһܷʼص㣬еͣһ£˹ԯѹñ˯ǰԶĵطͣפһһɫɫսԶԶȥܸеһֱѹ
סͣ£ǸӰˬ֮У鲻֮ǰôţ˹ٺȻڴ˻Щϣ˵ǾϲǾš
άŵһ
˹תͷ˿ǣƥת˰Ȧſ
һƥޱȵĺɫӢѪ
лҪ˵ŵҴϵȥ_(:١)_

29

ƥıȰ¬Ҫ׳Ҳʤһ߰һȥе׶񡣲һ׶ڲȥʵһƥǳý߹ĴѪսëɫĸλ¶Уƥ˰Σάŵ˷ܵءһ
¬ȻССغһ˼ëƽ˦˦β͵˻һ
˹ٴǰͣھǼԶĵطǸ򰢶ǵȥȻԸˡ
ûϵάŵȫעһƥѪˣս
ûҺٴսѪƳ;ۣЩ걻Խˡ˹΢Цëۼƥ̱ùѱ࣬͸ղſʱӰȫͬ
ӲģƥĴѪˡҲ˹һֱչ˵úܺãӲĸܡ
˹ٿһװЦտʼѧ
һǳѧߣɭɢʱҲҪͷԼ˵Ŵ𣺡һ
ҪҪƥ˹ĴѪı
άŵƥüԦɣ
ǣſεģġ˹˵
ضʮİյ²飬ƥҲЩԾԾԣҾһ¡
Ƕͬʱ˹ǣߵǰȷûп֮󣬲Ųȥ
˹У״̬ʮƽȣ˵ĸоаࡣԸеƥȰ¬ΪǿƵҪһЩ߶Ҳ֮ǰһء
˹ǣúǰ˼оóղŰ¬ȫϣƥЩ˵ӣϸ΢ĶֳһֽӲС
˵̫Ը⣬һǲ˰ɣ
˹ͷ
ûµģֻǻϰ߶ѡ˵ɣҴһκòã
˻𣿡
ûġ˹ЦЦ
áͷ
ЪͲȥˡάŵ˵̫ԶҪؼҳԷء
˹ٵûϵôӦϾͬһƥʱ岻òúܽٻЩ֮
ƥװϿǿˣ˹ʱ֮൱һξ롣
ܶԶʡ
㵣˹˵û£սʱսΣòߺܳһ·Բʲô
ֻûܵúܿ졣˵λò̫룬ֽøû㣬ǰ»ߵܲˡ
Щ˹ٵִഩסץŰţðĶϣߡ
󿿣ʹǱ˹ٰһأڵߡ˹ٿͬʱֱСĻȷûʲô֮󣬲ǰߡ
𽥼ӿ죬еԽԽߣ˹ٷȻƿԼȴţǰûκУ˵壬Ҫʹ
ŽȫϣĲˣ˹зḻ˾飬ﵽάŵ˵ġΪһ塱Ҳͬ߱ʵ״̬ʱĵȫʧҰҲ
һʼͦ棬Ͽܵķ羰Իʵ顣;Щڣ˹ٴµϱ͸£ӽʱܵһϢеѬζοôе㺦£Се־ηвһ˵ġ
˹Ҳɣһֱ΢΢龰һ¶һο
ңýŷΪĻҪֱ۽£ڻʹ
˴ԼأƬӵıԵס˿
ժԼͷϿƬ̡
˹һ
ЦЦȥҼҳͺòã

Ĳ˵Ρƿţ⡢Ѭ࣬ͷϷһֻϺȻΪ˹ͶӼ׼ģĢԺͲƣòֻˣÿ˵ķ࣬һֻϺͼ۸񲻷ơ
һٷʢͽ󣬰ɴʰ;ߣάŵ߷ĵ˹վڲĴǰǾޱ԰
òлҪ˵ߵ󼸲ԶԵάŵһЦ

֪ΪΣһֲõԤС
ɣάŵűֽЦ
սսͷ˵ʲô
ع˿ͶǧɯõܱųܼۡԤƴǧɡάŵֽϻŵı˳껹ĵİûжԼ߱

˹ѱάŵЦûعͷȵʣǧɣ
Ц˸ܹȥʱάŵֺнƬȻֻһģĲӰ
вõԤԽǿҡ
˹߽˿ţü֣ʲôʱĵģȫûע⵽
άŵ˵ĵĲ̫ôҲһƬءǰղ𣿡
ѾҪԭرըˡ
άŵôصˣȷǹġ
ڲӵİɱЦúֱ࣬һۣЦ
ɿʰӻ˳άŵҲֽ֮ززֻʣˡ˹ٹƬ̲άŵе˼ػͷ
һ۾ƿĿ⣬ɤӣȥ԰߰ɡ
лҪ˵Ǹɶңһֱ̫дϷ=L=
ǰɶĶ˵һ˫ȷҾͲ֪Լøɶ_(:١)_
ʺԼĸϷ·_(:١)_

30

ǰϦбգ԰ĸɫ¼Ǿޱʤա˱ǡ
˹һʰɫĸľõǰͣ½ŲʲôҺ
·ʮõ塣˵
һõǽӽƷֽ֣ɫĻ伫ױϣ˸˹̵ӡ
õƷûʲôо·ʮ֮⣬Ҳֻɯ֪һŵ˹ἰõ壬ɯǻƷ֣Ϊõ廨/ҩѧÿ궼һЩֻΪԭϡ
յõ壬ÿһ궼ӵнĻͣɫ޹⣬ͬĺɫһ㡣
˻̳ǰߣ˹Ҫ̧ͷܿ۾
㲻ϲõ𣿡һͣ½Ų
ҡϲ˹ٴϦǱɫ콫ʱư죬³ĺơ
ǣֻҪյһͺܿˡضЦŰپʮŶ䣬ʵ̫ˣֱڣĻͣ
ǵһ˵ԼĸܣܾЩ̣ƿĿⲻٿŻ̳ǰߡ
˹ĽŲЩõ壬Ҳ֪ô棬ֲǵ㡣
Խҡ˵/ҩѧĹԽǼӹɻ衢õ彴ͣʲô
һԼһЩɸɻ˵
Ҳܸܰɴ˵
˹ٲͷЦˣЩĺϲ
Ժÿ궼㡣һۡ
ôƷѡæ˵ЩǮľӪ鱨׬ģЩԼϲĶ
Сֲҿˣ׬Ǯġ
˹סˣҲԼֱףû˵
ȥңЩȥѧĹһǿڣ¾Ҫݵˡ
á˵
Ƭ޻ȹʱʱᱻ̳Ļ֦ס˳ȹӵı߽ܿǾޱļ̣һʱûסƽ⣬бһ¡
վˣǰߣһȴԼĿƣڿƶһһʱеΣûӦʲô
˹ٽ˻̳
ԭڵϺ͸ֵģȴûУرס
Ϊƽյıַ̫ɵˣϣǼŵ㣬屻ס˫ֲԾץ䡣
˹ٵڲļҪţѾܶûйԳֵʱ̡ҲоĲΪԼҲڲͣͷһƬҡ
֪˶ãγѰſԭشվ˰Σɿ䣬һڻ̳ϡ
˹ҲһղŵΪ˵ȫʧأܻǳ֮⣬Ҳ޷ƵʱԭվվȻϥŵǰ΢΢ͷ
Ļˣ֪һվ
£ùҡ˹̧ͷ˵
º̬ͣȴݿܡ
һƽʱҪһ룬˻ȥ
Щõ壬˹עΪҵ׷𣿡
˫ֽ߬ȹڵϣȫǺ԰
ЦЦһûʽ׹
òֶ
ôС˹ٿһٶȵͷ͸ɡ
þȫò׻ָһ侲˵ɡ
ĬĬŵҵһμ㣬ǰڰԺ
ͷ֪ġ
ڶİҵʱԭӢŵɭȴп㡣ĻͣͣʱҲ֪ԼôˡԺհһƬһδй顣һعʱŵ˹ԱһֱЦ˵㶢㿴ӡ
ҵʱԼ׷ʲôһʱȴϳϡ΢΢ͷһȥ֮Ƭ̵ļȴһֱңôҲ㡭Ҳòŵ˹Ļᣬܾ㡣
Щ£ǰŵ˹һЩ׿˵һˣץȹӵֶԾɿˡ
֮󣬾㿴̧ͷҿʼƵ֣߳ᡢᡢᣬֻҪڵĵطҶ֣࿴һۡ
˵Ŀײæƿۡ
˹ٶȵͷЩƣ𽥿ʼˣȻδ˵һ仰ȴ㡣
ûԼ˵ٽӽһЩǺ

¸ʹĻ䣬һ㶼Ըἰ
ãԾڡ˹ס֣˫ۣ˺̰һʼֻϣԶԶ㣬ȴϣܿңϣܸ˵ϣõİӵˣƬҲá
ʶط֣ȴָοס
ڣһʹҾȻϣһӶռ㣬ʱЩص뷨
㲻ҡͷ𣿡
˵ΪʵڲǿڣҲݴڳݲ塣ֱ˹̧ͷæ˵ͷ
Цˣͷֱһ¡
ʱиһԥȥΪԼ˿̵ɫűλҪ죬Ҳ֪ϦĹܲΪһ
ô㡣Ȼֱ壬˸Ϊʽһֲɵ¿˵˹١µǣۡӽԺҵԶ㡣
סˡ
⻰̫أǿҵʽС벻ı׻ģԸ֪λӦֻܴؿˡ
˹̧עΣ̲ס֣
һ飬ٿվ
ƽʱװģУ˵ĸʱȴֶ֪ţƽյ侲Ȼ޴棬ʮһ춪ˡ
˹Ҳһʱֻ̫ϸ
ĵãųҲл˵
ͷ
¡ڻ̳ϣԼߵλá
˹¡
ҡ˼˺ܾã̾һȥһ˵Ҵʮ꣬һڱֽϿƬʱ𣬾еϲˡ
˹ٽһ£תͷȥ𾪵ؿ
˵ġɫĪ˸Уʶͺˣǰ뿪裬Ҫܸ࡭
ûµġο֣ȴһƵģתͷ۾
ôųסЦ
Ҳ̫ϰ߱ҡЩصͷ
ʵƽʱ˲Сһ£ԲκηӦɽ첻֪ôˣ˹ٵκδҪԭɵĴ
ϰˡСĵջ֣ôš

ʵҲܽšЦһ¡
ҿ
˹ץ֣ԼĿڴһŸоȷܿ죬ò
΢һ£˹ٷſ֡
ʵҵҲܿ졣üԶ·һץ֣ƺظղŵĶ˹ٴһ£ֱ۽ڰգûĶǰơ
ԭش˼ʶﲻԣƵķſ֣˫ָϥΣ͸ķѡ
˹̿ؿһ˵ҿˡ
ȵò˵
˹ùһֻ֣ȷЩ졣
ͷϵ΢ЦôڳЦԼֲ˼ÿȥҲ죬Ƭ̺΢ָ򶨡
ڿ𣿡ʡ
һƬЦЦȻ
Ҳ֪ô˵ջԼ֣ʱѹ˺üΰɣ
ûϵġҡͷ
ǣԺ󲻻ˡ̧ͷص˵Ҳٶ㡣
˹پĬƬ̣վٴΰǰ̧ۿ֪ˣ㡣
רע۾ֳԵ飬·궼˫ߣҲ°ǡ
Ŀⲻڵһջǿ·ǱвŵĸӸˣûƿĿ⡣ 
˹ժºɫƤףò԰޳ָޱɢҵķ˿
ʹţ˵Ҳħ


31

鷿ĵ̺ϣƬصıǰռıʼǱϡ
ļʼǱǰһȥռЩһǰɱֽһӹԶĻ䡣
һƬʱάŵ˽
ҪҪҹͲЦʡ
㻹˼ңͷŤһߣһҽǱһ
άŵ˵ǰͷ˿Ȿᣬȵ˵ⶫڰ
ڣ뿪ʱ򣬺ܶණŵ˹ˣǰʱȡַ˷ʼǱɫ˿ӲƤ棬ҳֻǵ˹˹ٵĸֱûκдĸ˺ۼһϼ
ӷַȥջͣŶſƬϡ
άŵƬҼ
ţźΪӽǲ־ƽָḧڰɫƬ
ʯϵıӰ·ǴµС¥ͰĹľԶԿйݶ
Ǽǰ˹ٺӢŵɭһͬǰ㵤¶ʱߴµƬǵһһףһһǳ˽ͦΣʳڣֻӰҲܿ˵׿֮
ڵʱ˼һȱΪѻݡƷζֻԣƺʮϡʱֻҪӢŵɭ˹ٶᾡɣˣΪĬҵʿ
ֱǰ
άŵӣڵ̺̾ϢʱҾãҲͦġ
Ĭţ˼ᡣ

ڶһŵ㣬˹լۡĵ񻨴ǰͣһɫϵװκƥİ¾԰סɫΪݻǴյİ˹ѩoݡ
ʶŷҲּˣһλŻվͥ԰п˿
λǿᡤ÷˹ƶ»ӵ£ͨһе߱ضŷ˵
ŷ˿ҵ飬ӾͷأŽἰ˽ȥ
ͥ԰ݵǰ̧ͷװηѾŰɳ¥ݹսǴ
ŵʼʱ䣬һպڣȻãкʮֲ졣
Ǹˡ̧ͷЦЦιһլۡûʱ䣬ҿԸ
²ô¥ǰȥ¥ϺȱôһҴιۡ

һʱ󣬿Ὣ˻ԼȥιլۡҲûи
²ǰкĿģҲΪƣԿĪ׽У޷˿һ棬Ӣŵɭܣ˲ò⡣
ʼռǵάŵĻӢŵɭãôҪ£һǾ˽ΪˣǸĻᡣ
ȴȥС֡Ǿޱ԰ȻڵղƷҡ鷿Լңҵʱ򣬿ῴŲһžµ̶ͲԼװ̲ݵ߹ޡװѩѵľӣɻʣլۡ˳𣿡
ûС˵άŵ֮ǰǳ̣ذͽˣЩֻǵղƷҲд̵Ŀˡ
ˣôûάŵʡ
һȥɭȥˡ˵
լۡеκζܸȤʵеĳԶլۡݻḻʸʹȻһ·ϴźιÿһ䣬˼ҡֿԼ˵ķ֮⣬լۡ˸顣
ι۽ʱѾ쵽磬ǾһͻȷػỺ½ŲǽϹҵÿһϸϸһ顣
ǽ˼ֵ֮ӡɷ羰мǽװһľ壬ľƫϵλùһĴƬλͼ̶żŤŤСƬ
ͣ½Ų̧ͷЩƬЩСʱάŵЩǼͥӰŴƬıһƬƺһΰĽƬϿԿǰĬˣпȥ߰СάŵӢŵɭҲƬϡ
ʱȣӢŵɭòûж仯ϵĸı䲻СʮǰϾᣬżֵۣھֻʣıˡ
ΪʲôЩƬ϶û㣿תͷ
˶ٲ˵Сʱ岻ãô˳ţԺնûĵңҲϲԼƬҳ
˵һ˵òȷʵ̫ءĿصƬϣ״˵
Ȼûټ˵ʲô
񣬵ȷˡӢŵɭάŵԼǵĸ׶ǵ͵ĽһۿȥܱϳѪԵϵĸףɫͫɫغɫһ˾ֻһǵ跢ɫƺ
ǰδԼǼ֮ÿһ춼ڻٿƬʱеʸΪǿҡ
跢ɫƺġᡣ
ĿⲻײȴŲ԰¶ЩЦ⡣
·Ǿ仰Ϊ˽ҴʲôʵίذʾƵҡ
طʥУɣʱת˻⣬ָָƬ⼸˭
Ҹ׵ѧ˵ӺԺھУְ
Ҽǵã˹ҲǴʥУҵġ΢Ц
ͷʮ굽ռһй˹ٵļ鱨ʮġ
ҸҲͶʥУ˵ǵ΢Ц𽥴ʧ
磿ûǴĻλֳڶӳӢѧһֻȼλعĻᣬڵһӣǰͲˡ
˵Ҵ磬ʮУϧûҵȥˡƬСʱҲԺȥʥУϧ֮Ҿû뷨ˡ
һӶʮһҲд˵ж
ע⵽ʱʮרע˵ĻҲδΣһֺ״̬·ֻѼ㿴¡
ԿǵŷҲɳ̮ˡ
Һܸмŵ˹˶/ҩѧᡣ˵Ȼ֪жҪ⵽/ҩĲкʧȥ˵ʹࡣ
ΪʲôȻѵҲ
û紫˵ᴹ۽ޣǱġ
лҪ˵һᣬҹȻӦдʲôϷ

32

磬լۡнӴᣬȹ˻ʱ⡣˹ߵȴֹۣһλ֮͡
Լɪɭʵ۵Ľɷı֣˹ûȤ֪ʵ֮Ӧ໥νҲΪܴҡԷϾʵ΢ԵлֻͣȫؽӴλ
֪ԼɪһĬӵ붼룬Ҫ̸۵Ļе졣
˻ɳϣȸһߣͳһ־˲ͷϵĺˮޱ߻ɫͷѾմʪ˼ƣȥ˲ٺ
ʮµԳƲȣЩ䣬˹ڶ棬ü𣬲
ûʲôɭЩ겻ָѹ̫Ѩɫʮֲ԰ףǰĿظҲµõǾֱ⡣
á˹ټӦһ
ΪĬ˵͵ġԼɪ˵Ƕǰɱǣ˲빫Ŀδ̫ˡ
˹ƽľص˵ȥ
깫ָάŵԼ׵ܵӣҲΪ˳ݺԼɪͷûпæ־ϵĺˮûʲôάŵ﷨Ժ˵ȨٴѵҷٵжϣӦҲ֪ԺǾԹĳѵҪɿɾķ𣿡
Ҳûлɿɾķ١˹ٻдЩ΢ȻԼɪȴ⣬ĺһһšˮҲ֪ʱˣǵʲôֲ
ֻ˹ټ˵Ҷֳ˭ϸ飿ӢŵɭֶΣݺĳǺ׵ġ
ݺҲûʵ֤ݰɣԼɪƺоһЩ֢״һһƽʱ̧ͷֱؿ˹١
λΪ˽µ˹΢Ц
ΪʲôάŵĬŹأԼɪʡ
Դ˰ʵĲֹһˡ˹˵귨Ժ֤ԷڣӢŵɭĬլۡˣάŵķﶯЩֽšα֤ݶǺ׵ġ
ⶼܲɣԼɪ¶飬һð豭˿еĲɫһһƬ̺²豭˵һˮ
̫ˣȲȵĺ裬˹ٷԸ̴ӳº裬ȥ׼һˮ
ƾܲȥѷĿ˵ʵҲ̫ΪԼɪ˵ţϢ
û°ɣ˹ۣ⸱ʵǵʲôز
û¡ԼɪԹԲ
ҲԵ޹ʻ˹˵άŵصͼ̫ԣάŵ⵽̱ƹҲͨѶԱ
˵ģôͨ󣿡ԼɪЦȥﷸȴָ𹫾ˣɲôаѵΪǱɱģ
ûô˵Ҳô¡˹ٵ˵ЩӶΣҲӢŵɭ֣ǴΰԼֵܣʵ
ԼɪһߴһЦЦ⻰˵þȤˣΪ֣άŵҲ֣ô˭أѵĬС㣿
仰˹ٵñ䣺ɭ˵һΣ
͸˵ѹԼɪ˫ɫ۾鲻ԽͷŶһʱȶʱѹȥ
ɤӣЦŭҺ˵˵ѡ
˹ζȻشۡ
ʱ̴ӶǵˮԼɪǰ˵˹ߣ˵ѧİ˹˵ˡ
õˣб֮һ㷳ƽɫͻ˵ȥðɣҷ
ǡ̴¡

ſţԿȥȥõˣԼɪѯʣ˹ٲͷɫʱҿڡ
ˮͷǰʱʱ£ǲȡ
Ȳˣͷ󺹡ָ£ֽ⿪ڵһöŦۣƺ
֢״ȥҽ˹˵ûʲô£Ҿ
µǽԼɪȥֲ̿Ұѻ˵ꡣ
жϢ˹ٳ˵
ϣٸһλᣬʮϧλѡ
صҵĵλԼھе˹˵
ôôأԼɪЦһͳʪ־Ӳ˲Ķ˹ע⵽ѾûкˮͬڷŵȣڵɫԵף嶼΢΢òС
˹룬ѵű
ʱԼɪǰǱˮһڡ
ĨĨ촽˵ûʲôйκΥɵľٶ෴һֱڰذ¡
˹ٴ仰˵һл¶ֶ֮̾Ϊֹô˵ұƭƺҲԩлΪҵõһڡ

ûȥҽ߻ؼԴϢݹأʵڲ˵͡˹ٽ豭᲻صؿϣȥ
ΪԼɪᲪȻŭ˦ˣԷֻһ԰׵Ŀ͵ؿ
˹ɣ⻰˵ȷʵڽų
˼룬ԷȻʯһ˹ʶֲԣڵ
ʱԼɪȻ˫סԼͷɳϣڵ̺ʹط֫ϳ鴤Ťɫ԰׵ˡʮȥ޷µļֹͣһ߾ΣһŴӺ﷢
˹ٱͻĲ״ŴˣվʶԷԼɪƺκδһƴһ淭˽ͷݺݵײļˡ
̴ӺͰỨ˶쳣Ķվڻⲻҿ˹ٻͷȥҽ
˲࣬ȥԼɪӹԱƿٲԲС˵ĽҲϤгȳ򣬵µ֢״ǵһμʲôʹŻһ˲ڵϷͷȥײļǣ
ԼɪĶͷȻѪ죬˹Ͽ֮˫־γצŵ̺ʹſڵŻ
һɶĵζʱڻУһ˵ζ˹ֹܾζԼʲôطŵ
Ż֮Լɪ˫۷׻Թȥɫϣֻнûг֢״һ֣׶༪٣˹ΪųŲҽǰˡ
ɺ޵ȫʲô֢޷ʵļֶΣֻһԸɿšƬ̹ΧŻζ֮Уֳһŵζ
Եʧ
˹ǿ˫زʣԼɪ巭̽̽ĺ뾱
ԣֹͣ
Լɪɭڳ˳ӵļʹ״Ҳ̶á
лҪ˵һϸ

33

磬Լɪɭµǽլֽۡͨȫǡ
״ңҽж/ж뷨ҽϵֳȡ֤߲ʬ˹ڼнܾѯ
ͶɣԺ룬ʱȡΪܱųһְȨǲ˿լۡڣϸԱʵϾǽ
ѾܾûгֹشͶζɱֳĿģܺǻ׹壬ܱų⼸ؽһȫ˷ܺüڡǣλߵĶɱ̬ǿֲ´󣬵հС֮е̸۴¡
ʵҽϵ֮ǰ˹ѾʶԼɪжҲ뵽ԼΪһˡʱֻоֳ֤Լ֤ˡҶ/ҩѧİ˹ҲĿ˲ǿ֤ڲֱҽ֮ǰ˹ûҶκһ
ûлỻǱˮԼɪլۡΨһڵĶˮ޷أҲ֤ס
Ǵ˰ɵڶ࣬޷ڶʱڵóۣˣǱҪڼн㡣
㣬˹Լ⿴⣬һϤӰ
𣿡ŵ˹վլۡ⣬Ƕʯȵ˵档
ŵľԱ˵˹ﲻ׼κ˳롣
ӶҲУ
˲ʳĵӶˡԱЦ
ȻӶ˿ԷУûܽȥŵ˹ûбΪʲô̽ӣ
ԱΪѵǳٵ
ŵ˹νЦЦϼ˵/ҩѧȨڷκһɱȡɡ
ǡֳѾˣ
Ŀ֤˲ǻ𣿺οˡŵ˹˵лҪ
ԱԥΣ˿һš

ѱգ˹ȥ¥ϲҡ
Ҹճݣڱڽ̸ۣ˵Լɪɭˣҿŵòᡣ
Ҳʮֻ㱡˹̾Ϣţͨҵš췢䲻ʧ룬ȴҲЩܾп²
ŵ˹ñһ̴ӱܣȻȦոձõȲ衣
¼ͷҽĽѾڱֽϿˡ˵ԼɪΪʲô㣿
Ӣŵɭ˵͡˹ڶ£̴˳š
ҲĲࡣŵ˹һڲ豭ϵɫصתĿ⣬ǹݺ
ӢŵɭɵҸı֪ԼɪĿġ˹ɫû뵽ᷢ¡
ŵ˹ûյḡЦݣʱģԼɪŵʱ䶼ʲôܲܶҪһ飿
Լɪӽẉ̂˹Ѿ򾯷ϸ˵ңڻоʱΣͼҵࡣ
ڣ˼·Ѿˣ֮ȥ˻̸Ҹ׼һ衣
Ǳû⣿
û⣬Һͬһﵹˮʲô¶ûС
ŵ˹ͷ˵
̸ӢŵɭǰĶɱһֱڲȡ
ŵ˹ü¶Ⱥܸߣ
һ㶼ڲʮ£û¯ӵʱ򡣡˹˵Ҿ֣ģǳţһ־͸ˡ˵ʱ쳣ҲúܼҵʱΪʲôֲ
ҽԴ˵ʲô𣿡
ûУҽʱѾˣֻϳ/ж
͹ˡŵ˹һȣӣ̸ʱѾ˶˶೤ʱ䣿
һӡ
һʼͳЩֵ֢״
һڷ˹˵
ŵ˹β˵/жǺܿģϵʮӻң˵Щ֢״Ҳжеж
һҽûἰ˹˵ŵֵζǿζǵ͵/жְɣ
Ҳλҽһʱעⲻô࣬ҲжǷҽĽۡŵ˹ˣ˵
һ̸ֱɰ;Ҫ󽫺軻ˮΪ̫ˣȵģ̴ȥ׼˹ٴĿ⣬Ҫе֣ңںǱˮ֮󶾷ġ
Ǳˮûмκζ԰ɣ
ԣҲܰȻ˹̧ۣˮʲô𣿡
Ҳ˵áŵ˹仹ʲô𣿡
/ҩѧİ˹ֱԼɪȥǻլۡС
ǵǿΪ֤ŵ˹˵𣿡
У˹˫üںǱˮ֮ǰȻǳ䡣
ŵ˹ĬĬȻͺǱˮ
û
ʱģأ
Сͷȥײӡ˹ٻ龰ɫòÿǷһȫʧˡ
ǲǻоΡѺŻ֢֮״ŵ˹ʡ
ԣǱġ
⵹ǵ͵ж֢״ŵ˹ָ˸򦣬ȷǱˮ֮ûгԹȹκζ
ûУҵլֻۡȹǱˮ
ŵ˹˳һӵĳĬ
˹ٵ˰Σ˵Ҳûͷ綼£ֱҲŪס
ȷһʱҲ벻ҲҪȷҽһļŻнۡŵ˹һڲ裬˵һǰ֮ڷ/᲻Ὣ/ҩϣ㲻עʱȥ
һֱû뿪ûʳκζ
ô/ҩĥյļ׼ʱҧأŵ˹ʡ
˹⡭
ŵ˹漴̾˿ֻҺҲµģ/ҩڼҽӦÿóڵɵһǣΪʲôǰַ겻ԼϢٵ֢״ǣ軻ˮĿʲô
кȻ䡣˹ѵ
⵹ǿԽͣΪģȻ֪Լ֮ͻԷǳ¡ŵ˹˵
ô˵⻹ǳǱˮϣںˮ֮ǰȻġ
Ǳˮ
ûκ⣬ҽڻ¥µĻǾһͨˮ
Ƕ໥Ƭ̣һʱ˭Ҳ벻Լɪжԭɡ
ʱ̴ţ˵Сˡ
лҪ˵ڶ֪ʶҲ˽òܻ࣬дĵطҲҪ档

34

ǿϵϢŸģ˹ӭ̴ȥһ²衢׼Щġ
ôģŵ˹Ǵ˼Ц
˿µĻ֤ժ¶һߣ쵽ҼȥˣղڳԷֽϵҾ͹ˡ
أûһ
¬ˡɫ⾿ôһ£𣿡
Զŵ˹̾һ龭һ顣
̴Ӷݵĺ͸տõĵģҪ˼ֽһ֧ʣ¼Ҫд
ǻӢŵɭݺʡ
Լɪӵ˹٣ҲǴΪ˵šŵ˹һɳԵ
ôһзǳҪӢŵɭϣȻ᲻ϧԼ֡
ŵ˹򴽣ɫ˵
ңӢŵɭȻжһʮա˵ҪݺףڰȨƣάŵ˼ֻǸصꡣ
ûļƻһŵ˹̧ͷ˹һۣżСʱѾܱųְȨɲֹۡ
ֻʱġ˵
˭֪Ժᷢʲôŵ˹忿αϣ΢΢ͷӢŵɭ谭ǽӴߵʬ壬Ұ޸ʬ棬ǾԶ޷֤ס
ǣͬû֤ҷ˵
ŵ˹û˵ɫȴԵóء
ҿ˿ˣֵͷǰֽ
ռûʬҲȷһ鱨ˡ˵ԼɪжǰһȴûκηĻᡣ
ԣܣࡣŵ˹΢ˣǱȹûУ
һûȣͻˮ˹˵
ûпָͿ˶/ҩأ
˹˵û˱ָ촽ĶֻǱˮҺ屾ӵĸ䣬ҽˣûзֶ/ҩ
ŵ˹Ĭͷֽддһ߿һߴɳԣһĵѾʧһ롣
˹˽Ϊ̵ҪǸ׼ģŵ˹˺þãϧԷ޲
һ̧ͷڽլ֮ۡǰͷ/أ
ôܻôãŵ˹濴ֽ˰죬۾˵
θﲻԡ
⡭ŵ˹̧ͷѵһѽ
˹ãȻˣʲô˼
ŵ˹ͣһڷ/θҺӦ壬壬/ػ/ƱȻֱӿڷˡ
˹һ£ǣκ˵θҺԵİ
ԣһ˷/ɡŵ˹üθﲻԵˡ
ôܻˣ˹ʣθҺԣô
ʵ֪ķеȷֹˣ/ȴ޷ӦʱĻõģٶ/ҩθǶʱ䣬θǲԵģȻܻŵ˹˵ǣ˼ΪڿɿʷУֹֻȼΡ
˹پȵ
̫ˡɫ΢űֽд˼£ôһֿܣ/ҩĳ̷ּڲʳˮ£θҺҩ跢Ӧٶȼ仺ʹ/һʱû
ȻǱˮӿ˼ķӦٶȣŵ˹ĿҲ˵ͨ
˹˵ѵҪˮΪ
ŵ˹ĬƬ̣ҡҡͷҲδأⷽ棬ˮͺò𲻴󡣡
ҲԵģңֻǺһˮҲԳɢθеҩˡ˵ԼɪΪˮǿ/ҩ㷢
ŵ˹ͷʾͬ⡣
ЩƲⶼû취֤ʵ±ʣֻܵʬ
Ӣŵɭͨҽ޸˱أŵ˹ʣõļ
Զ/ҩѧ壬а취ʬ壬ǲ˵ѵġ˵Ҳƾ¶֤ݣҪ붨ֱǰΡ
ŵ˹һЦЦǲˣ
ûСƳһۣи⣬˵֮ǰ֢״ж
㿴أ
ȷ񡣡Ŀ⣬ô˵֮ǰ/顣
˹΢΢һ𣺡ΪʲôҪһֶ/ҩ𣿡
֢״ӦǼжŲҲǻġ˵Ӣŵɭݺ㣬˫رա
˵
˼ŵ˹ע⣬һɣԼɪ/θﻹʲôطȨԼʱԷڣֻҪǱˮͲļﶾ
˹׹ɫ𽥱ò԰ס
ǰ飬ں̸ĹУܿж˵ԣʲôȣҲȻûĻᣬ㻹Ѳɱ˵ɡ
ϯĬƬ̣˹Եͷ۾
ˣıԶǣºݾءŵ˹ϵĿ̣֮Ͳκһ˿ˣպҲҪʴȡ
֪˹ٵ˵һֱ˽
ϵЩ죬һֽ˿ӣ鲻̸ˣǵȾĽۡ
˵գ˿˹٣ûɣ
ţ˹΢عĿ⣬зҺҲûԡ
𣿡Щġ
ϼ龰;ûʲôθڡ΢Цһ£ûϵģȥЩ
ǽȸǣŵ˹һ۴⣬ˡ
ͷҽţ鷳ȥ
û⡣ŵ˹վŽ̴Լñȣһߴһ˵ԼСģ˵׼ʲô£ӢŵɭҪȴõʱˡ
˵ţؿһȻûж
ʣ㲻𣿡
ߡȻԭ豭˹˵Ҫ
˹ٳһתͷ
ŵ˹ȴûʲô̫ӦҲãҲЩ
һۣάŵǱҲе㵣ģ˵аڡ
ŵ˹ЦŰڰ֣ףĺˣһᰲһʵ˱
˹̲סʣΪʲôɴԼȥ
ŵ˹Լĸ߶ññ˵ҽȥһˣ˽һİӣ˵Ұŵһġ
ɵؿ˭
ǣЦЦո뿪ҵλѽ
лҪ˵ڶݣȻҪѴұ棬ȻһЩ鼮˽Ⲣȫ棬ܶ඼Ǻߵġ

35

άŵؼʱʱ䶼, ˵˽췢£Ҵææ˵㶫, ¥·, ֳ¥, ڰסȥĶάŵү
ȥ
Ҫ˵˵, ², ҽۡѱǽȥġ
һ취Ҳȥ𣿡
Ƚϰȫ
άŵΣ
ǰɡ˵, ԭӷ, پ¼ˡ
άŵû˵¥ݷһ롣Ƕ/ҩѧĳԱ, 뱻İֳƾݣأǰشͶɣǣȷʵеðա
ǲȥְģƬ̼, ŷ԰ɵ˵˾ʲô߳ȥάŵҲû, ɴ̨ϣ岻֮ʱ߽һˡ
ΪԼۻˡ
ŽĻһߺһŻʼƷ, άŵ۾˿˰Σһ仰˵
̧ͷĿ⣬ֳЦ⣺汧Ǹˡ
άŵֻ֪ɻϴţڵΪλ׼ȥˣһ±Ƶүȫԡ

գάŵӲۡͷڼҴһ
׿ҹǰжŵ˹ƨʮֲԿ˵ʲô⣬ֻǱܵؿߣܾԼҪ֮˶ߡ
ˣһլۡߣֻҪᣬȵһ磬λȻͻ¬ˣغͶԷ˵ϰ仰
䣬άŵشԼгڲɣæʣĶ
Ҫ𣿡ɵ鿴ȥЩȣղҺ񿴵ڻҡ
άŵԼ鷿ȥ
鷿ɨһۣȷû֮ţһϲС˵ŸɳȥһͰһҽѽ
ڶɳϵĿ̧ӣһۡ
άŵɲضλ¿˰죬鷿Ǹ߱ɳֲߣһɳϣ˶αסˣŵλãƲˡ
Ϻá˵
ϡáάŵԼС˵׼
ͷɫƽطһҳ飺Ϊ㲻뿴ҡ
ȷʵάŵһ£ʣողڻ𣿡
ңһ£ûаһֱ
άŵ˰ΣʱְѰ˺˵ĳ嶯Ǽһǹģ
ڿʲô飿ʱ߿̫ʣǿʼûһ
ɪ档Цһ£չʾ˷Ƥ
̸漴˽֣ͷ飬άŵФ˫۴Ƭ̡
գʣİӺй𣿡
̧ۣҡҡͷе⡣
һӢŵɭйءάŵ˵
ĬĬ飬β˵Ҳô롣
Ӣŵɭʲôϵʡ
ǻðɡ΢ЦеŵϣҺǲ֮ǰʶģǰ
ʲôõĵطάŵüҪʲô
𣿡
еˣάŵü
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ԭ𣿡άŵʣ˵̳Ȩ
ûзϡ
άŵ̾Ϣһŵʲôˣ
һ㲻õġ΢΢ǰ㣬ֳɫҲ˵ЩԸǻӣҶӢŵɭҪǼΪ޵ģҸسŵʲôܵõİ֮òԮֻ˳ѡ
άŵסû뵽ӿһԴǣԷͣǸѣ˵ڵĻȴλߺıеϢ
𣿡˺һЩָķȣ㲻ΪõģҴû˺ֻڹ۲졣
۲죿άŵ˵
ûЦһ£ڣӢŵɭﲢ𡣡
άŵһ˲Щŭȴǿûз
һ߸ֵиɫ䵭һԼ˫۾

͹󣬰˻ϴ·һЩرƷϴ˸裬֮ڿͷ￴顣ӵװ֡˵أݻ͸ŵ͵ֻͷɿɷྶͥƽɫסķУױƽ
˰˵㣬̴˾䣺ʲô

Լȥųţ˹һſϣŴⷢͷʱ˫ƺһЩ
֮һСʱ˼̹壬ģŵ˹˵˹ٺó塣
˹ٿͨ壬ԼֻѧһЩѡ
𣿡Щεʡ
һ̰ɡӣںӮֻתע
̣˹ٹ˼壬Ϊ˲νѾ˼ϧղĿģܿˡ
ʰ֮ȥһͷڣĺܺãδаģ˹һԿţ̲ס˼ơ
Ҫ𣿡һѷڽ˹ٽӹȥһֻ˳ס֡
е˵
û£һȥڣȴζûжֻ֡
㵽ҪҪ棿
˹ٿĶһѷϣЦЦ档

Ҫȥˡֳ˻ȥſ˼˹ڱ
ûԭػعͷ
һòã¶һִ顣
⾿ĺܲȶΪıأһվôߵȥԼһðС˵صĿϣ˹ٿ˻顣
ҲһС˵ֻһ;ﰲ˲٣ֲпᾰĳУҲԺеȥˡ
˰Сʱ̧ͷ˿˵ʮˣȻȥҹãǵһҪҡ
áͷ
ЦЦվſߣȥһסŰѡ
ΪҪԼŵģһȴ
һ¡˹ٿ
ʲô
˹ٵ˵һ仰û壬һͱϡ
ͷĺߣ˵ǲǾð׵ˣ
һʱ仹ӦȻǸղûǾ仰ղ˵ʲô
˹ٿЦһ£˿һ㿴ǡ
ͷ˼¡

ľһը
һֱΪ˿ȥ壬ʵҲ塣һ֡ҪȵԺŻǵ͡
ǶôĴ󰡡
֮˹ٻû֣Ҳֵˣϵ·޲ðˣʵڲ֪ԼǸʲôɫ
˹ĺ󱳣ڰοƵġ
˰Σʣû°ɡ
û¡Щ
ﲻûǸ⣬׽֮⣬ʹôĻһԭ
ƽʱ򶨹ͷˣ·һжУֻʱ򡪡Ӵʱ򡪡ŻһЩȽϺķӦ
˹ܾԼеˡ
ͷ
ըë״̬֮У⾲ҹɫԼнһʼû̫⣬һȴ̧ͷ˹ƿһ㡣
֣ǰһ⿴ȴǡöŴţͣһɫ
˹Ҳſһۣɫ΢䣬ʽϤ
ˣ
š˹ٵɫӢŵɭ
лҪ˵orzˢԼٶޣĸײдϷˡ
_(:١)_

36

ӢŵɭԱ֤լۡ, һСվſ￴, ΢΢ס
ֻһ, һɫë̺, űţ̡
Ӣŵɭһ, ɫָܿ糣, ߹ȥڶ棬߽һð޹²ݲǰ
ˡһֱȵ˳ȥſڣ˹أ
¥ϡ
ʱȻܡ˵, 治ķ񡣡
ҵҪ, Ҳ㡣
أ
ңνЦЦ, ˿ôʲô
̸̸
²ֹˡ˵ѷֵûʲô̸ġһˣЩ֤
ӢŵɭĬȻ
/ΥƷ, лõѲ, һʲôѲһ٣ʱһƿĩڽͲͬˣ˵ġ
ӢŵɭûгҲûз, ֻǿһһܼңлκζ𣿡
ûлش
Ҳ޷˰β˵Щ̸
˵
ΪάŵӢŵɭֱ
еЩ⡣
άŵѾˣֻҪһ𣬲ƸλһҲ٣ҪĬϡ˵ҪϵˣֻҶѡ
ɫЩ΢˼ǡ
ֻҪҾάŵ˹ҲԻð˵ܹڰƽұַ֤֮еκһˡ
Ĭһ
˫кô˵ܾ֮ˣַҲӦԡ£Ժֻᷢĸࡣ
˼
ľǡ
ⲻһ˵¡һۣ飬һתϿɵĻ᲻󡣡
ΪҲֵΣ
ֻԭ֮һ¶һص΢Ц
Ӣŵɭ
άŵҪ׵˶Ӧ֪ﷸҲϣߵﶼ˷顣
סӢŵɭ˵Ҫϴֻһˡ
˼ҵǸ𣿡Цһ£˵˵ȥֻǲ뱻ԡ
β˵ҳ
ǻصɣӦҲõ۲飬ǷףҪǡ
𡣡ƽ˵
ӢŵɭһͣҪ豭ش¡
ǲ׷ġ¶ֳŪɫ

ͬʱάŵج͵һ亹ںڰ۾˰ּ֪֮޾˻ȥ
֮ϰԵط˸
顱
ֱӴӴصȥ˵ذϡ
űڵ̺ϴ˰֮΢һЩһ¡
Ѿܾòε´ˣԴӻص裬һֱ˯˫˴۰ҹôڶܴӴϷȥ
ǽ졭϶һˡ
ᡣ
Ϳ˯ͬһŴϣһħõ¡
һжҪְɡ
άŵǵãСʱǰ߳鷿һһֱ˯ʱ䣬صԼԷſڿЦеİɡ
άŵүѾ̺ˡЦ˵
άŵûҪΪ̴
߽ţͿڴͷŷǱ飬ϵı죬ȫµģһͷһӡ
ɵĽģΪֲֻԲܱ֤ҹİȫԷ˽ҼӺ㡣
ӺëпܼӺǿᡣ
άŵڵ˼һ
ҪҪɴҹڵ˯ˣ˵̺ҲǺ䣬ǡеӲ紲
Ƭ̣ű˴ϣȻǸԿƣش˱ӱ۾˯
ʱи˵جˣ
άŵһ飬͵ػعͷȥһ˫ƺɫ۾
̫谵ˣ㱼ΪԼгҺüʱҧסԼһ䡣
˫۾̫ˡ
ôû˯
˯̤ʵᷭ˸ƽڴϡ
ϴ𣿡
ɡ
άŵתͷȥû˵˯Ǿһڣ˯˴룬ڴϰû˯ţ۾źڰ̾˿ͷˮһˮ
ʱʣ㾭جΣ
άŵŵ˻ȥ㵽׻˯˯˰
ѵΪŻجεģ
ûϵάŵ˵
μʲô׷ʣԩ𣿡
ʲôάŵһʮ֮ǰ൱˳죬ΨһµľֻǼ¡
˵˵𣿡˵Ҳ˯š
άŵĬһתͷ㲻Ӣŵɭļϸɣ
ϸΪʲôҪǰľЦһûá
άŵֳĬƬ̣ʵҲûʲô˵ġ
ܾЩ죬鷿ʱ˵ǷëȻһıҵߣ˼Ѳıڼװ
άŵ˸
ôץģ
Ƭ̲˵һʼȥӢܷͷŵ˹Ǳߡ
ǷԺнճûãˣҶܱ׷ӳǣЭ½΢̾Ϣһǵ̫꣬ܵڽⱻһ۵ײ΢ۣǱſˮжã½ץ
ŵ˹û취㣿ʡ
άŵβ˵ҳµʱջԲѣˡŵ˹ҹ·ϧЧ
û˵
㲻ôӳȥ𣿡άŵȻЦһ¡
Ҫʡ
иˣֵصشҾʹ˳糵
Ǽӡ󡣡̾˿ƺƵʮֵӲɼĿֻţ֮󣬰ɣҲȴǰһڽĺֵһֱӵڸۿڴǰ˵ҴڱʧˣάŵĬԴ䲻֪
Ӳùɣʡ
ɡάŵ˵ʱܲҲ˸ɼܡǸӵﷸˣ͸ǻᡣ
᣺ǣͳΪһ𣿡
ûôţЦֻǽ;һﲻҵˣ֪ǵϴ󡣡
һԵ˵
ллάŵЩ
ȵȣΪʲôҪ˵Щӱż
MarsʱΪ𣿡ʡ
Ҳûʱάŵ˵żȺܶѣطϴҪάסţ⡣
Ǵܣûл𣿡ʡ
άŵ
֪Ϊʲôӵ»ʳôԲе⡣
һ㶼Ƚע⡣ʶԼ׹Σָò
һ
ǰӵĳĬ
ιάŵתͷģӢŵɭļϸɣ
е̫ˡ
άŵͦġ
˯ɡᷭ˸
šάŵҲ˸棬۾
һΣ˯⵹ǺܿӣԺس硣
лҪ˵άŵѰɵ


37

֮ļ, Ѳ˹ٵĸۡûзκοƷŵ˹/ҩѧʬ, , ѧҽóĽۺͷҽʬ޼, һҲĲ²Ǻϡ
˹Ȼڼңĳ糿, ˽õĸɻȥ, ˳˱衣
ŵҪ뿪ǡɸŵ˹šŵ˹˼ɫĶ, ͨ¥ݴ, ˵ԺѾ˾ܾ顣
Ժ𣿡΢΢ͷʡ
ھûн, Ҳ֤ݲ㣬͸Ժʱ򡣡˵οԺϣֵ̫󡣡
һ£м˲μӣ
ίԱṲʮˡ
ӢŵɭҲаɣʡ
ǵġŵ˹̾ϢһҲû취, ʣʮһӦû⡣
Ҳܲλ𣿡ЦЦ
Ȼԣ/ҩѧμӡ˹һ, ҪΪ绤
ˡ˹˵
Ҫȥ׼һ¡˵
뿪ŵ˹ԼһھֺԺ֮䶫ܣ緹˹, ֻý£̴Ӹ׼һٷʢ͡
ԷжӣϸĵͿϻͣһߺȿһ߳ԡ˹ĬƬ̣˵û㽲Ӣŵɭ
ʲôȵ̧ͷ
ɭ졣˹˵̸һ
˵ʲôˣ
ƺá˵ܾˡ
ŵ˹΢΢ü㵱ʱ𣿡
ûмڸ˵
¥ϣڸڣͨǽһδϵİ̸ΪΣӢŵɭһ
ŵ˹ҧһС˻˵ԡ
Ϊʲô
ĴҲܼѡŵ˹˵鱨ݺͰѧᣬѾӴˣּ㡣¶Լûʲôġ
ѾϿˣ𣿡
Ͽ᲻ŵ˹һۣûôɡ
˵˹˵ҵǰ˲١
֮ԼҪСģһԵľ㣬γ֮ѹ᲻١ŵ˹˵Ǳ㲻õģӢŵɭмΪֳĸ飬򲻵ǲᶯġ
˹ٵͷ
ιŵ˹ʣָʲô
ǷӴ˾ˮˮ
ŵ˹Цһ𣿡
Ȼƽ˵Ҫۡ
ŵ˹ʼ磬ܾһԭ򡣡
ʲô
ȻΪҡƿĿ⣬Цһ£ûΪʲôǣ
˹ٵƳһۣѵǻԮ
ôģŵ˹ЦʵҺӢŵɭ֮ҲоԹ
ҵǴδ˵
Ǻܾ֮ǰˡ˵һ˵ڣԺܻ֪ġ
˵ţצٴķ
㡣˹ٲûжȥľֳκκ棬شѾˡ
ĬĬצ˻ȥ

һܵ¬ɭһ伯Уһ;ۼڶߺ͹壬ǰάʱ˻׼ɵˣϯвף࿿ǰλÿ˿ᡣ
ᳯЦһ£΢ЦߵҲ඾/ҩѧϯλϣŵ˹ߡ
˹ԼλټļУϯλһµϯǰʮλɫϾίԱ
ŵϯ뼯˰ļҪĿǰչݷҽʬθгȥ/غ⣬˴ɷָӵļҩ֤Ĳ²⡣
Լɪûмʱжԭ򾿾һ
ǰôҩһСʱθԻԣԼ/ҩ裬ӳ˶ʱ䣻볣죬ڵθҺԣ
ѽҲ޷ٵˡ
ίԱٳһ㣬Լɪɭˮ֮ǰ/ѾθСθڵļʺǳ󣬾ܽΪճθҩңǰµˮмⲻκζԣίԱֻýܶ/ҩѧ롣
⻹˹ٵɣڰУ𽥷ΪɣһȷʵݺһΪԼĸֶΣ˫ִһʣ˲顣
ӳ/ﶾʱַίԱǲûкķ̫ʱȥ֣̽ǵĹעصܿתڵ顣
/ҩѧƶǣ/غ¶߾Ϊͬһˣϵͼݺ˹١µ֮ˡϯ˵ߵθﻷΪ⣬ڽûнʳˮ/صĶԱ㲻ᷢݺĿı޷ɡˣǿ߷飬һмڽж
ҲϿƶϡһݵίԱһǺ˵ɭȷϵвȶֶ/ҩʱǰҽԺȡθδ/أӶʱϳʱҽԺҲмʳɹΡҲ˵Ҫڣڵȫá
⣬ҺҲϸŵ˹ش𣬡֮ѡ/Ϊܾȷƶʱ͵ص㡣/Իȡ˹ٲӵС߷飬ҺֻҪͨܽҩӬֽͿԻãÿ˼жУֻҪ˹ټѲǵĴڣͺˡ
λίԱһ£˵۵Ҳ˵ͨôֻص˹١µǽ֣֡ǸҪݺˡ˭
ŵ˹ЦЦϯĸλض֪˹ٺɱɭĶգǲʱ⣬ݷʲô׼
һȷûϯͷ벻κɱ˵Ķ
ȱʧ֤޹һŵίԱ˵ûɱ˶ֻԼ
ɭθеνͣ˷û׼Ƕ̸Ķ̶ʮڣô跨ֶ/ҩʹҩ
ֻǿܶѣʵʮӵʱ㹻ȺЩҩˣ˭̸֪ڼ䵽׷ʲôίԱ˵ɭвȡ
ŵ˹س˼䣬ԽԽű߼ʣϯҪྲҵῪڡ
ҿĿɨίԱϯϵÿһˣͣĳһϣ˵֣ӢŵɭĬ
仰ϯһɧίԱǵ򶨣ֻмһλŵίԱʮߵվ˵˾ʲôȻ̫ӣǹˡ
˼ڲŰָΪֵӢŵɭʼղɫԼλ
λȲҪŵ˹˵뼴ʹίԱҲͬҵĿֻǲˡĬ˹ǰĳ·ĿڰᶼѾˣݺ˹ٵĶ
οɭĬӵߣǶʱɭǰ˹ټУõǡΪĬ˵͡Ҫ֪ǰ˹ٺɭһ޽˵ЩĬɡ
֤أ֤ݣŵίԱ˳
ܱǸû֤ݣҲû֤֤˹ɱˡŵ˹ݵ˵ʵ֤ݣӽڷԺС㱣ְ˵𣬺ղӾ
Ӿһ£Ըϡ
ڰĵҹĬ˹ٵլۡһ㣬ҹֵصľԱ֤˵ʵ벻ʲôݷ˹ٵɣûһЩ/طĩΪ֤
ϯĬƬ̣˵ڽûз/ء
ΪʧˣʱҲΪԼӹһλͨ˵۾ʲôû뿪ˡ
ֻܲ⡣ϯ˵
ԡŵ˹ЦЦܲɣĬл/˹ٲ߱ġ˵ڰǰһɭĬȥǲ̫أ
Ǵ˵ģϯʣ˭֤
ŵ˹ɤӣţϯϵĿվ
ҸģϯĻƽһ뿪Ĭլۡʱǡɺǰݷõɭˡ
лҪ˵Ӣŵɭ㵽վıߣ
_(:١)_
˸ַ

38

۾, ȺӢŵɭ
Ӣŵɭɫʮƽ·ϵһĻ˼˰, תͷԻɵĿ⿴ŵ˹
濴ˡŵ˹ѹ
ϯ, ܷ˵˵ʱϸΣ
ǰһ, Ҳ磬ҺĬһμѧеһɳ, ڹ͡˵, Ű˵뿪ʱڴǰɭǹһֳ, ʱֵúܾ, ҵʱ̫ȶ
ϯȶ
ҴкʱܻţɫҲ̫á
ϯ, ɭʱڳ𣿡
ҵ̴Ӻ򶼿ˣЩ˶ҵţǵ֤ʲܲá΢Цһ, ˫Ưĺ۾һɫϯϯ, ˵һ˵ҶԴ˰Ŀ𣿡
Ȼ
ȻɭȥԭǡΪĬ˵͡ôǰһĬլҲ֣лҲǻɹ˵, ĿǰԼɪɭڰԸ·ʳЩҩ֪ԼһһҪܽŪڹ֮У޽˹ٽһ㡣οܹôԼǰ֮ܲԩ
Ĭ˼룬˵ҲĬǷɣٽȫ׵ġΪⳡ˵λϣʵ޴ͷˡ
˵꾶£һѻȸ״̬롣
ķǾܺӵģݴңĹ۵˻ʵ۵Ĺ۵㡣ʵһƫ̻˹٣Ƕ֪οεİ֮Уˣ޹ܺߡ
ϯæ˵ǿǲܡ
޷˹¹ļϵһοڣϾʱֳֻ
ίԱϯϵķƺ΢תˣղӾԾﲻ˵˻Ƕ棬ǷϡΨһ̩ȻľֻӢŵɭ侲̬Чظһ˶Ļɡ
ϯڼžļһŵ˹Żᵽһ£/Դ
ղӾΪСع棺ΥƷôл
С鿪ʼһֱ¶ɫȻ˵Ͷʹһҿ۵ұռиڰٷ֮ʮĹɷݣǿ˵µұҪȡұҵ/׾٣ؾ˭ͬ⡣
ղӾһеƵģûһػ
ίԱҲм֪ӢŵɭͶʵұµȡ֤
ϯƬ̣˵Ϊ֤ףԺ򾯷飬۵ұλΪΣ
Ϊβȥ/ҩѧʵȡ֤
һϯһʶӢŵɭ˵
/ҩѧʵҿ浱УҲ/ڡ˵˹ɱ˵/ѵǶ/ҩѧṩ𣿡
ŵ˹һ䣬ӦźʵҿҪԿײܴ򿪣ֻһѡжʶֻʵ飬ȡʱ䡢;¼ڰ飬ʱ򡣡
ͨ˶˵ѡӢŵɭ۸ļ¼Ҳס
ŵ˹Ц˻ͬؾ㣬ұĹضΨǴӡ
ӢŵɭЦһĿƿ򾲵ؿίԱ룬λһ¡
ϯָʲô
Լɪĺ豻ˮ˵˹ڿڹûһ㣬Ϊס̴ӵϵʱǡñ/ҩѧ˹˿ˡ
ŵ˹Ȼʶʲô׵һԭ
ԼɪȾĶ/ҩֻˮûмԣ޶֮ۿΧˣ˭֤Ǳû¶˭֤ûкȹǱأ
᳡һƬļž
жķʱʮ뵽Ӳȣں¶ٳº軻ˮַӢŵɭ΢Ц˵ֹ󣬶Ϊ˶ʲˡ

ǱµĺҲˣ˹ɣӢŵɭҲһӰ
ȺұͶ/ҩѧʵңʲôûҵֿ֮Σȴٳûۡ
ڽţ˹ٵĳȡˣְͣڼԵģӢŵɭԱʸҲʱȡޡνܾ˵ľ档
֮ҹڷĳѹԺؿ˿ڲ̫Ϥװ꣬Ȼʶ˹ٵ鷿
Ͻֱˣ˹ټ۲͵ġʥڸչŵ˹˾۲͵⣬صȴԼңҲʡЩ֧
ˣ˹ٷϵ顣
ë̺ͷתͷ˿
⼸𣿡ʣﶼ˯š
ʥ䡭̫ˡ̾˿ؿ˹
˹һȵţԼ첲ϣ̫Ҷ
ոյõϢ˵Ǽӵĵͣˡ
Ҳ鲻ʲôЦһ£ʶͷԻڸ˯ʱ΢״̬⣺ʲôʱְָλ
ŻҪƳһ¡
ӢŵɭҲǰɣ
ԡ
˻۾һƽ𷢴Ӷ˹Ʒ˿𵽶󣬵ͷרעؿΣȻһǳɫĽë
ʱֽ۾ˡ
˹һ£ƿĿ⣬һܾ֮ǰ뵽⣺ʲôʱΪάŵ
ĬһҪӢŵɭߡ
˹ٳʣΪʲô
άŵڵĹαģ˶֪ȴûдҪ͵óӷ˵ӢŵɭҴɣǲż
𣿡
һġ۾ЦЦѾȲضһ͸άŵˡ
˹ٵ˵ͷ
ֿһֱʣû׼𣿡
ӦÿˣӶ˰ɣ΢Цȥ
šͷһȥ
ֱ˹߳鷿ע⵽ԼϥϷŵ飬ֻ˯֮ǰһҳҳϷ½ڵĿ
һ·١
ҵһᡶɽⱾ鲻ȫµģбĹĺۼƤҳȻྻֻһµļҳƺηҳ΢΢Żƣҳ΢
飬ŵŵľװ˼
ŵ˹㻹ǵáɽﷲٵǴμ𣿡
ǰڶ/ҩѧĻ
ȻǵãҶļһŵ˹ʱô˵ģɱҶ˶ˡ
ҩʵҲǴڵİɣ΢Цһ£ܰҵ𣿡
ŵ˹ʱһֺݵĿ
ɽĵһ£ǷٵǴμ
ֶⱾ鿴˰ΣɫӵؽŻ˼ϡ
лҪ˵ѽһ²˽
ҳϲɽ_(:١)_ƪеӰ죬Ի΢ᵽΣûҲνӰĶģȫӡ
ҿķǽ棬ַеĲ̫һ
⣬FGOķϴһʼһԽԽϲô£
º_(:١)_һ»᲻еİȻΪƪĿ˱ҩ飬дȻǺѡ

39

򽫲ӳý̻Ի, һ㣬Ʊ˻, źɫľҺһڲʡ
ǼλûвμӹʹĶɣŵ˹òͽô, ӹܵöŷ, ҽרġ
˸Խӹŷ⣬ɫ, дż, ӡŻҼһաѽ泤һȦõ廨٣Χչӥ
ʮһߵ㣬Ҳȥġŵ˹˵, Ǵ罻, رʲô׼
άŵдԼֵװŷ, ڴһվеȶˣȻطЪߵʱҡ
ŵ˹Ŀ뿪ӣȻʣ, ǲǲ̫ˣ
ͷ˿ھƣӦûУһȥ
ŵ˹δʮȤ, ֿǸȻһ֣˵뵽һ¡
ʲôʡ
ǸһЦݵָ˹, ͷ𣿡
һûԹ
Կ
ûʲô˹٣֮ܵģЦˡ
Կ˵ġ
˹ٴû˵ʹı֤û˵
ֱʹվһȥάŵǼġ
ŵ˹ǰ׽֣⧲˹ͷһ¡
ȻǼľĬ
˹ٵͷӰ˾һֹĵ
ŵ˹ôûӦ
Ǳǰװɣſң˦ֻһ˺˼
˵ǽȥˣʱ˹̧ͷɫȥƽʱ޶£˵ʱҲʮᡣ

ʶԼۣȻԥ˹ȥ
ӹ֣ͷͷֱϣβ̧ۣЦ˵ûϵģú¡
á
ŵ˹оΣѾȥ˿߻Ц˵ôɣ
˼⣺ͷ
ҲƫĹͷˣǰһҲСԴҸɱˡʼ硣
˹٣ãܺᲢۣ
˵ϣ˭ͷ㶼ᶯ֡
·˵ѵıɱ𣿡
û£Ҷ㡣ŵ˹ЦЦֻһͷ۵ܲˡ
˵Ķԡ˹ЦЦվ߹ȥʲôûϵģһΣƵƺ㡣
ŵ˹̧֪ͷǰĵƹѾȥһ룺Ҫʲô

άŵ¥ϵķϢԼŵ˹Ź
ɳüģԼǺȶˣȻ˻
ʱ߽ѸٽŹϡ
һ֭Ҫ𣿡
ллάŵ΢ЦŽӹ
һȥɡԱ¡
˰뱭֭оͷ΢һ㣺Ȼá
һ£ǲǲ̫ϲ᣿
ȣûСάŵЦȣһ㶼α
Լ΢΢ȵĶͷ̾˿ֻͳǸôδ̫ѰˡټʣҾе㲻Ϻһ֡ʡ
ɫһ١
Ҳġ˵

ʮһҹ¬С
һ겼õûʲ;ߣıǰɫӡıֽˮ͸ɫʯɺĵ̺
Ȼ⸻ûʵ֮£ȴ͸һֵĲЭ
Ǳֽͼ̺Ļơ;ߵʽεƣһװηʮֹžɡ
ǶʮǰĶ
ΧÿһȦһͣ£̧ͷ񷶥ƫţѡøǰװ֡ʮǰķ񣬲ײ࣬ԵùʱƷζ̫ĲóԼϡ
ڹ۲ʱꡢꡱ죬ͷһһλ߳ỹûץʱաһʽʼͲʹˡ
żʱҲ۾Ѹپͷ׼
һݣæƵ
һ㲻Ҫǡײ˸볡ڶŵ˹
ѽŵ˹ӰֻʯȣЦŶ˵᲼õô
˵
ǰɣŵ˹һ˵ı飬Ƶѽ
㣿ü漴ȻˡԴӸԺһҹǶ֪ŵ˹Ϳ֮ĳֹϵֻ͸¶֡ᣬֳƺҲ˵ùȥ
ΪʲôҪóʡ
ŵ˹Ц˵ԭ˶ʮǰֳôҲһְɣ
ʮǰһֵѵ˵ʵǸʮĴ𣿡
ŵ˹ĬĬͷӻֳ¶αļЦȥһҵǣһ
Ʈߣͷһ¡ܿװ֡ڶʮǰȴ޷ϸڲ滹ԭֲãһֻǸˡ
ŵ˹˵ֻжʮѡ
Ǹŵļһֹһ䡣
ʱӢŵɭһͬ볡òãȻѿӢŵɭȴǵһμ߽ܾһɲǣɫʱò԰ס
ԭأĿңٴ󣬽᳡ɨһ顣ûڿκһˣעֻװ֡
ֲҰڷɫֱһҪ֧Ųסڵϡ
Ļ濴ˡ
⻹һμӢŵɭʧ̬ģ


40

ʱ, ʽ, ȥ˹վһ, һ䣺Ҫ𣿡
ҡҡͷ
ǰҲû衣˵, ǲϲ𣿡
Ҳǡأ
ӡУ˹ԭͼٲμ罻, ÿһѰ, ɫͨû˸衣
ǰϲСĿ, ŵøϽתͷȥ
áͷ˸߽űı, ʮʱĶһЩͲôμֻˡ
㻹ǵô𣿡ЦЦ
㲻õ, ôѧġ΢Ц
ʱֻعͷӢŵɭķһվڴߣǸҰ׵ɫ볡ڣǰѵ߰˸, ȫ˵˼仰ɫԾ͸뿪ᶼߡ
, ע⵽𣿡Ǳ˵е֡
ţˡ˹ٵͷ, òҲ쳣ƺǿֲòűɫ

һ͵赸˵ϯһ˼سͷԵάŵСү
ԡ˵Ƕأû˸ĺ֢𣿡
ǡάŵ˿˵Ϊӱ罻
ѵ˵ǳܻӭ
˵άŵһЦֻҼǱߡִ罻ᣬҲ̫ϰߡ
Сʱסŷׯ԰ǰɣῴתͷǽϵİֽ˵Ǳ߷ܺãطҲһͦȥסµġ
Ľô£άŵһۣӵ£з㵤¶ѵ㣿
̿Զġ
άŵûһƻڱ
άŵĬᶢȻЩҲѹüͣ㣬˵ηʧܣ˲ʹĺ𣿡
άŵıúܹ죬ʳ£ʣʲô˼
˼侲شҡ
άŵĬһ˵ص跭ԼԸ
𣿡Ļдмֿյ
Լͬġάŵ˵˭Ըһֱյİ﹵Īе
Ȥؿ
ҵãάŵ۾˵Ҫˣʧܣһкге
Цһ£绹ͦεġ
ȻάŵΪȻתͷȥ
Ӧӡվֱ壬ӻ֣ҪӢŵɭǱȥ
ιάŵסɫ΢仰ϣҲס
һЦ˵

ע⵽ᵽӢŵɭ˵˼仰֮ɫ𽥺ͻˣֻǲÿῴԼ˼
һ֧ŵ˹λɰŮʿǣʿ̬˸תùϵõĿձԼʢһЩơ
λɭҵС㣬ɰɣ˵
ɰ
ôڴʡ
һ㡣ʵûô濴ʼڹ۲ĵط
ŵ˹ƵغһƣתͷڲԶɳϵ˹٣ôûһ𣿡
ղиʦҾ͵ˡ˵ţӢŵɭͿȥõһ࣬ȺסƲˡ
ͷ˼һŵ˹
ţ
ʮǰӢŵɭμӹеɣʣʱǲǷʲôһ߶껹һꣿҼǵá
ȣŵ˹ɤӴһ֧쿪ʼˣһɣ
üһۣҲ
Ҫ˭罻֮ĵһңˡ
ȷʵʮʶˣʮ罻磬İ裬ȻȻŵ˹顣
Ȱһذ˰ļ
ҪӦұʮǰˡ
ðɡʼ磬Ҳ벻ʲôʱҲŸոճ
Ƭ̺󣬵ڶ֧𣬽֮ǰĵһΪ滺ؿ赸ӿʱͷȷһ˹Ƿԭ
ɳϣһλú͵б͵ˣú棬𡣿Ͷģڴᡣ
΢һ
ȻһֱΪ˹ٲϲ裬Լϲϲμᡢϲ罻һΪ罻رֶεĻҲ룬ǰѧ貽ʮʱܵغŵ˹ȼ裬֮Ҳûⶫˡ
ǿ˹񡭡ѵ
ʱȷʹһ䣬ϸ룬ԸǾ仰Ӧòʵġȷʵ裬ҲϲֻڽѵõĳϺѡ
ȻԼܻȥˣֻҪ˹ٵԸ뾡㡣
ڶ֧֧δʼ֮ʱһµŵ˹˹ǰ˵Ҫô
˹һ£㲻ǲ𣿡
Ȼˡֱӣ̾˿Ҷþûϰˣܻȵ㡣
ûϵҴ㡣ȷ΢ЩһѲԸԵʣıʼûʲôı仯ֻ΢Цˣóȷеˡ
ʼ֮ʱվӹ֡

һ֧ӵĽȸղ׶Ҫ죬õζԭΪԼͰ貽߰˰ˣ˹ĵ£ֻһС֮ܿĽ࣬Ҳ𽥼貽ԽԽ˳
˹һֱڿ۾ȴûеõӦĶ⣬ʱ᲻ô׼ȴʮȻһ赸˼貽ȳ΢һЩӦƬ̲ȫϡ
ܾ⣬ⲢûӰʱķӣò˵ĺܲһֶصɡеһδãеӳһ֧
սʱſ֣վԭش˰룬γƵ̧ͷղҲȵ𣿡
ûСЦţʲô
ûʲôһԼͷ˼سЦЦϢһ°ɡ
ȥţñƹ
ϯǱߣ˹ڸߵһƣתʱһ̵߲Сĺײһ𣬺һ뵽̺ϣֺҲմЩ
汧ǸæһóһŸɾݸٸһ
鷳ˡӹ˲߷̣߱ȥһƣ߻ݸĺơ
ллӹƱǰ˼ȻеתͷȺһۡ
ӢŵɭʱܿĿ⣬˫΢΢ţʲôơ
лҪ˵_(:١)_ƻոҲһĳһر͸ˣϾҵٶȡ

41

ʲô, Ǽһתۼ䣬ŵ˹ҵάŵ, ʼԼеĲ˹, Ͳˡ
ǲǺ𣿡άŵʼ, Ůѣ϶˷ʱͬ˵
ŵ˹ŭע, Ϊؼ˵ȿɱҺÿˡ
أ
㣿ʲôʱˣάŵע
Ǹղŵһӣ
ǸЦ, ʱҺڳԶ
ŵ˹оԼżûرȥ
ˣ罻һ֦άŵһ, 첲, ڰôãȹ, ʱᣬΪʲôûŮѣ
罻һ֦˵𣿡ŵ˹һۡ
˵㰡άŵЦǲǴʹˣ
ûе¡ŵ˹צĿԾɣϵЦȴ֪ȥ, Ůѡǰйģ˻顣
άŵֱ仯, Ȼˡ
ǹȥˡŵ˹ø첲һ£㻹ǹĹԼΪ

һ˵¶̨͸͸ܲҪһꡣ
֮úȻԼҲûôύˡ
ϲʵһԭ, ڴ֮ͥδЩΣΧͶڶĿ˻ڡΪ˹ٸˣ΢ĲʸʲôοһĳͷĸоҵġΪԼɵ뷨еЩΡ
˹ٻһҵžƱҲ¶̨ϣ˵õǿ졣
ӹݸԼĺƣЦʣĿ𣿡
ܸˡᵯһĶͷΪҲŸİɣ
㿴ˣ
ԡЦЦǰһվţƾ˿ҹɫеͥ԰
ĿȻ䣬ȴһѿձһǣתͷ˿
ţ˹תͷδһƬ⡣
֮ǰŵ˹˵ۿıΪ仰ȻıˣйŮѡ
˾㶼ĬƬ̡
˹ٵɫ𽥱þҪȴֲ֪νֻͣ˵ûУϹġҡӾУҵ֮ڴ̣ڰָǸʱ䣿
סûЦ˵ֻ֪˵Ժй֮ĻҲҪš
һЦ˳֪߻ܻ𳵣Ҳŵġ
飬Ȼʶ̧֣ٵһʲôָϽˡ
ôˣ˹ٿȻ׹ͷ𣿡
ˣŵ˹³Ծһ
˹Ц˵ģǲϲҵͷ⡣
ԥһ£ͷϷһ£ָϽΪΪʲôϲ
˵ֱӣֶ˵еðҲֻŵ˹ô׽Ūҡ
飬æЦ˵⣬Ҷϲûϵġ
šͷſϿҹɫ
վ˾;Щ䣬˶ŵ£ɴഩϵˡ˹ٿֳۣϵ·һЩ˳ƽ˶ס
лл衣˵
˰βӦһ㲻±˿𣬽
˾ϱֽ̾˿ɿһЩͷп˿¶̨֮Ļģֻһ϶ûܿߡ
ͷһ£ЦЦ𣿡
ˡ
Ȼˡ˵
ϴôûʣ¡
ϴβ㡣˹ָ̧֣Ĳ͵͵ʣ𣿡
аӣ˵ԡ
΢΢˿һֻסϣһַֻס󾱣ͷȥ
֮Իǰʵ̫ˣ֮ȣ֮ǰһθǡ

ӹ۾С̨ϣоˡ
˹޴ضǰ˺ܾòʣ𣿡
ûСĨ˰۾Ǵ
ܵǣȴ̲סЦһ£´һ㡣
ҲûãҪЪһĨ۾
˹ٲ֪ЦǸۣ˾䡰áͷ
־һգգ۾ɫ𣿡
ɣе԰סĵ˵Ǳŵ𣿡
Ȼǡ϶صͷ˵ܷһ𣿡
ץֱ۷վоȲղôˣһɲǣԺȴеһֵѣΣӽڵľȻһ¡
˴վһֵĸоܿʧˡ
ôˣ˹ٲؿ
û¡˵ǻȥɡ

ص֮ע⵽ӢŵɭƺѾ볡ӰȥͿһڷһ֧ʱŵ˹Ӳȥ裬Ϊչ飬ˣֻûסһš
ֵĹ͢н
볡ʱҹпʼϸ꣬͢ڳڴǷַɡ
ΪԵʣǰһʱۼˣҲЩм䡣ûȥɡֻվ̨Ϸ˹ٺλʦѵ
ἷߣһѺɫɡ
Ҫɡ𣿡ʡ
ָָԼñĶ
ϰɣЦЦ
áЦЦӹ
֮һȥݷάŵġῴҲǵʹ棬ʱҪܾ
ġ΢Цƽʱ֮ɫԣμʱôĳ
Ȼܲ԰ףȥ䲻Ҫô̫ϸҪôСʱܶ
´ͰɡȻ˵ҰѶ
֪ԼΪʲôð뷨ǾÿܹµӢŵɭĹϵѣһ˹е˵ǰ˶ڵĴ뵽Ҳֻ˹ٺŵ˹ˡ
ˡ
һЦˣðȥ֮ǰš
̨Ͼ۵ԽԽ࣬ڰ֣Ȼˣ·Сġ
Ҳ΢ЦŻӻ֡
ſת߽ӰʧڻһתͷĻ
ƺȸղԴһЩˡ
֪ΪʲôӸղſʼֲ/ĵĸоȹ֮һֱеѣΣƵѣβͬʱʱ޵΢ӽ𶯣ȻӰ·ȴ˾úܲ
֪еĿ᲻Щ
ⳡ꣬˲Сø첲ײһ¡
ȷʵǲСĵģ˵վ̨ױأƽʱײ϶һ¡
һαײʱ΢΢һΣȻѣθмˡ
ûվȣǰһ£סһ̨ףʱӿµ鷢ˡ
Ȼʲôˡ
ҰڵĹһȫڵһ˿Ҳû£һ˲ȫĺڰ
ѾܲһԼȷʵȵʲôǼʵĵ棬ȵ̨׵ļǣȻˤȥ
ǰ̨׺ܸߣֱӴ棬༶̨׵ļˣûעЩֱպݺݵˤڱˮʪĵϣ˶µġ
ѾоʹΪи¡
ˡ
лҪ˵û˵Ǵ쵽ոQVQ

42

ˤ¥ʱ, ˹Ѿͱλʦѣ߹, ʱżԶ, ץס, ȴûü
ĸо޷ݣһ˲ʲô, ĿˡҲΪйƵʹྭ, ÿ⣬Щĵ׵ļͻһӿĥʹ, Ҳ֪Լô˫ȳ̨׵, ӦʱѾԡ
Ҫ, æס𶯣Ҷ
ȻͲˡ
ûۣ̲ס
ϸоһ£Ϻܶطۣȫ޹ؽҪĿˡ˹ʲô, ʱܵػס˲Ӻͷ
ûСش𣬡ûĵͷ
Ȼ, 󾱵Ĺȷû˿Сͷʣͷ𣿡
, ûĵͷġ
ʱѾкܶΧάŵŵ˹ҲϵԲࡣ˹ٷȷϹûˣ࣬еʣأ߹۲ۣ
ۡ
߹ǣȫʹ˺þòŷġ
϶ˮʪˣŵ˹һɡǵꡣ˹ٵľ߶ȽţĿһֱϵҪλЩϸûüע⡣
ֱŵ˹ʣ
۾ôˣ
̧ͷƺɫ۾
񣬡Ŀû䣬ڿһ£ץ½󣬡ˡ

ҹʱ֣½ҽԺ
۾ͷûˣͷδܵײ𵴻ԳѪĿܡҽӼҳ˵ⲿײµʧ˫ۺܽȫĿǰֻڲһֿܡ
ʲôڲ䣿ŵ˹ʣĤ𣿡
ҽҡͷȫɥʧУӾ񾭱ʲôˣԭ
ȫɥʧУôܣһСʱ֮ǰúõģ
˵ԭһɡҽһۣ˵˵ɣи뷨
ŵ˹λҽʶԥһ£ͷʣȽȥ
ȥɡάŵ˵
ֿһɫ԰׵˹٣Ÿҽ뼱ﲡ
Ĺߵڵ÷ǳͣڴϣۣ˽Ž۾ЩϰԵƫͷҪ
ҡŵ˹æ˵оô
һ;Լɵϡ
ûʲôˡ˵
Լûʲôĵطڱ⻰Ծɥ
ŵ˹վڴ˰Σ֪ؿҽ
һҩﵼµġҽ˵˵ʧڵ֮ǰģ϶ˤ޹ء
ŵ˹ð춼û˵
ڹ͢ϸҩˡ˭
Ǿ֪Ķ/ҩ΢һ£ֻǵʧȴûκãֶ/ҩҿû˵
Ǹղһ⣬ԲŽҽŵ˹ûпǺʯ
ʲʲôŵ˹ȻˣֱʯʲŻع
˵᲻ԺʯĩҩӾҩҽ˵뵽Ψһ͡
һ£ʯĩҩǲǴ˵𣿡
ȷʵڣֻ䷽ҽ˿תŵ˹𣿡
ŵ˹Ĭã̾˿ԡ
ߵ˼Ƭ̲˵Ҷǰ׶ƯʱʶһλͨʦҺ˵ġ
ͷ˵ѧ
ǿЦһ£ɣΪֶζҶʵ֪֪Թʦʯɽȴû˳ɹֻúʯĽɳ˽ӡ
һ˵Ϊʯתʺ
ԣʵֻǰѱ𴦵Ľӻѣ˵򵥣ȴû֪ôɵġ˵ͬҲͨԺʯҩķ䷽ĲͬҩܴɸֲͬЧ
ʶַ̧ǰһƬĺڰ
˵öԣûһȻҩʹ˺Ȼʧܵ˺ۣҲֻкʯҩǸ⡣

Ӻҽ뿪˼ңҪϸ֢״ͲƲдŵ˹Ҫߡ
ܰŵ˹ֳͷһ¶Ȼ벻ɫ
ÿƱҲûϵ
Ƭ̣ʣôˣ
һعǸҽ
ȱȥ˵ҩﵼʧ±˵
Ϊʲôŵ˹۾߶ķĿȻû䣬ͫ׵ɫڵƹһ䡣
ǱơøҵġգۣȵǱƣһǾƵ⡣
ŵ˹˰Σ֪
Ѿµˡ˵£Ҳ̫ࡣ
ͷ̾Ϣһס
һĬ
ŵ˹ͷɥ˰Σ̧ͷŲϵ۾ֱˡ
١Žһ
ۣû˯š
֪û˯šܵͣûʲô𣿡
Ƿ⣬һ˵ҵڻûӦʲô
ûüܣЦ
ǡ̾ͻῪʼѹˣҹްɡ
ŵ˹ȻЦ
㻹ûˣ
˵ѹκõġ
ȷ𣿡
ŵ˹ͷ˵ȷ
û¶ʲôŷı飬ʧСʱȷʵิϣֹ̫ܲۡ
һӶ޷ٸĿҲܴ
Ƕµ£޷޷д޷һѡ
һ;û䣬䵽ǸزҲɡ
ҩЧǿģ״Ҳܵ˲ɻָĴˡ˵ҿ϶ҵ㸴ԭ䷽
΢΢ͷû˵
һҵ¶ˣϵ䷽һƳҩŵ˹۾Ұɣһκ㡣
һϰ˵֣൱࣬ôŵһµʱ򣬲һǼûӰ¡
Ĭһ˵Ǿͽˣ᳤
лҪ˵˵õһ㳬ȻԪأУûƭǰ_(:١)_

43

صסʱ, Ѿҹһࡣ˹ٷһֱŵ˷
Լо˹ٵ̫ȶ, һ仰Ҳ˵, ԼҲ֪˵ʲôáɳ֮, ˹ٵ뿪ų
ڡæ, ס, ̧ͷ˫ۣʹԼԵóȣġ
ʵѾԼҵһ档
ϵ˻𣿡⽫ѹ, еĲ
ˤʱ˲ٵط, ڶƤˣҽԺѾ򵥴
ˡ˵, ѾˣȥϢɣҡ
˹ٵ΢΢һ£ҽ
û𻰣˵ˮ׼, С㣬ҹٹһͺá
ͷ, ΢΢ͷ˵
˹Աߡ
ȹȥ, ң˳Ե㶫˵վ
ԥһ²֣СЩ
ģŮչҡԵͷڰɵĲ߳˷䡣
뿪˹ٶһ˴ã̴ҹҲûȥԼʮӣŵ˹˽
Ҷɽˣοάŵ㲻̫ġ˵һǾ߰ɣӰϢ
Ҫ˹ٱ۾ͷ˰üģɫԵʮʹࡣ
ŵ˹һǰסļ侲˵ҵĻߡ
˹΢һ¡
ŵ˹̧ͷ˵֪ڵɫжѿ𣿡
ҡ
Ȼȴõ˵Ҳܺ¡Ⱦá
˹پû취
ȥúϢŵ˹˵ٹ

գ˹ŵ˹ţ֮˸ۡ
һʰͣڴʱѾ賿ˡ
һҹû˯š
ʧԭŵ˹һ䡰δ˹ȥҽڼôãʲô۶ûУֻǰĳЩԭû˵ѡ
˹ٺȻʧȥоģͷûܵκ𺦣ĿҲ΢΢
ԣ뵽˶/ҩ
͢ϵľˮʳﶼϹȡѶضĿ¶οῪʼԹЩʲôŶӡ
̷ȥػ伸飬ȷøǱƳ⡣
ȻˮԼģ;ߵ֣Ϊʱ嵲ס˾ƱûرȥעԷĶΨһ¶ᡣ
ǡ
ںڰУ˼¡
˿ǱԭӦԼȵġ
ͶߵĿ
жĺƵݸۿȥ

ʱ˹Ӵ𣬸еֽűᵽһִδеĿ־壬־ǰʱҪء
ȫģȴֻʹԸ鷢ˡʧʹࡣ
賿ʱ걾ѾͣˣԽԽ
̧ͷڵĴ⣬ɫһƬ

ߵң˹ٳźɫɡվĬլۡդ֮ǰ
µúܴžʯɡϡ
Žգûҵͨˣ֮ԵûֱӽȥΪլۡǰͣһ

˹϶ܳʱ佫УվһƬ̺󣬹Ȼ̴Ӵɡ
ִɡãŷˮĶ񣬶ʪ˴롣
Ӣŵɭ𣿡դţͣǰ˵УЩֱ治塣
ͷ
ġ˵ҲûãϳɣиҪ㡣
˹¬ķʻȥ
ǽһˣµôšժ¶̴ӷڷˮĴϵĶСлǱ澲ࡣ
ŽյĲ棬˵һŵ˹ǲŸңҹ£Ҷ֪ˡ
˹û˵
ӦòµõⲻӢŵɭҪĽ˵˵ȲҪھЩ㱣Ҳ˵ʲô
˵ţ·ڴóһŷ⣬˹ȥպãҩǰƵģŵ˹ãʱ㽻ɡ
Ӣŵɭģ
ǣܸɴ͸ˣϧҲҲҩٶ⡣
˹ٽڲᱻˮմʪĵطĬ
ҹʱȥ˵һЩ
Ĭ
㡭ῴһۣܲܣ
˹ɫģŭѹĮ֮£Գֿɲ
ɱʣ𣿡
ԡĻƽɫͫȴԼ͸һּҵУҳʲôʹ඼νֻǲ롭
΢΢סһûеȵģ㴹Ŀ⣬β˵侲һ㡣
û취侲
Ҳû취侲ʱ򣿡˵㲻𣿡
˹ٵɫȻĮǲе˼
ûءƳ˵̸ֻ۾βãһӶʧͷ𣿡
ʣ˹Щ𶯣̧˫ۿ
㲻Ҫˡڹ߻谵ĳУĿƷҪ꣬𣿡
ôƬ̣˹پˣڰù졣
һ˲ʡʲô
սǸܿɿˡ˵ڣھϣҲΪһɿˡ
лҪ˵ͦϵģɾ˺öԭµĲ֣ûʱ䲹˼Ĺɾ飬Խе죬orz

44

ھ, ҲΪһɿˡ
δĳһ죬ľΪʧٱ, ˹١Ҳܱ
Ҫ, ;ܶҡ, ܱսҲվһһ
, ұ

˹ϵͳһʱԵ, ͽ˿룬ȥһͣһߺȲһһֻǱҪ, ͻԼŭһ, ʱ̣뽫κθȾ
οϢҲ, ȥ̫磬¼ˡ
ֱʮ㣬Ÿ뿪¬ǰ˹լۡʱѾͣˣշ, ŴϤľɫѾƽࡣ
һΪָ˵·, ʵҪڸΣֻеĺԽԽŨǲǶĽֻһĿ, е֣ʲôҲӦרעڴˣȥǱġ
լۡ¥ڻ԰ʱάŵƽĶ
ϷԺעĿĵطһᣬҪƾǿεĶŵľֹټһĽĴ磬һ֡
һΣһʣǣΪʲôҪϲС
յòİ̾˿άŵүʱܲ΢һ飿
άŵһۣʲôи飿ʲô飿
Ҳ鲢ï˵ҪȻһ㣬Ҫôƽƽĸһ
άŵı˵ϡ
һˣѾˡŵ˹ſϴ˸Ƿ
˹ʱάŵһΣ
ʿܰʱ򣬰ƳΪɫһ꣬ʢλͽܳš
仰ĬƬ̣Źֵ˵治Ҫ
άŵصжǡô²ۣЧޣЦ˰죬ŵ˹ԼĲ豭򷭡
˹ҲЦˣ߽˵ڶɽ
ѽˣŵ˹عͷ
Ǹһ£ҡ·˿£һʱ䡣
˵ţóöŷ⽻ŵ˹ǵҸġ
治ǵ£ô졣ŵ˹Ȼ֪ŷݣҲûϸֻǼָһ£Ҿ͸аˣǱ룬Ҫҡ
ɵһ˹٣˿ɫ˵ʧ۾ôɫмֻûüȥЦ⡣
άŵñ˿ĵ츳ʵڱάŵ̫Զˡ
Ϣôʡ
ûشŵ˹˵ôɫܲ
˹һۣƽ˵û£磬еû˯ѣ˵ʲô
Цһ£ûж˵⣬άŵ㻹𣿡
˲ˣҿڸɡ˴뱭衣
˹٣һֱڶ飿
ǰ۾ģҾͶάŵ΢Цŷ˷һ飬Ȿʲôɽдûͦġ
˹٣
һɸֵɫ˵ʵϣͿȥάŵүĶΪ
˵ʲôѽάŵըëˡ
ЦЦ˿Ǽˣ˵ʵһмλ
ŵ˹˵
С۾ʱ鱨ݵĹû˴ˡ˵Ȼ㹻鱨дŴʱҪп׵һҪһеæ˵ţʶάŵƳۡ
ңıʺܲġάŵ۵СۣСʱ߹˸ʦڻ˵Ǹ漣
ҲÿŹɡ
ǳ̾Ҳ֪άŵСʱ򾿾ʲôڣһүӶûУϲ㻹෽û
ǡֿˡ
ɡŵ˹˵ܱҲܷæģֻұȽˡ
Ҳáɵͷ鱨ݵ鱨йǧע⡣
İɣ㵱ʲôˣŵ˹ЦЦ
άŵôıʺòãֺòÿ
˽ԳĬ˰Σ˵ҿдļǺּûʲô⡣
Щǹı޿ΰɣ˵
Сׯ԰άŵĵغһ
ĹԺһһܡ˵µ̫ҵȥ԰һۡ

άŵ˵̬ȱҪ࣬ˣΪ˼еĿ־壬˹Ҳʼձ˳
ŵ˹˵ƳҩҲһ֮ˡοֵ˹ȴóûȫİգǱݸģάŵֻùͷ̬һ
֮գÿ춼Сʱһ飬ģʱҲһȥߡάŵȻ࣬ҲžˡԴ۾׷ʱ˻᲻Ծؿ˯һÿʱ˹پͣͷ
ж츳άŵǿ࣬ȴûжάŵʶֳκڵʱ򣬶ʱﻹάŵ棬߸顣
磬鷿άŵڶɽ౻ǿץߵƱٽڴϱǹевŶΡ
͸ʿǸǿͷ߰˽̤߰οţšǣһյǰǸĹѨͬ͵Ƶ΢֮£ǿһһǿ磬һش˯
άŵһΣ۵ҷĸԻͦθڵģ
һҪ󿴡˸ǷҲϲ
ͲΪ𣿡
һ£֪ôش
ʱ˹˽ɹתάŵע˹٣ǩվ˵ȥȵˮܿͻһǳȥɢòã
ðЦЦ
˹ٹİ࣬鷭ղһҳ΢ЦҪ¶𣿡
ˣ˵һɡ
˹Ļһע˯ĺɫСèһʣǲǳЩˣ
һ㡣ϵëԵú֪ܶ࣬ΪʲôôС
ǻذʱάŵ͵͵˻𳵣˹ʱģϧֻΧСת
ʱȥһСèԴ
ֻʲôû̧ë޵ԴתͷһۣȻҲƵµˡ
һ£ôˣ
Ǹ˹еʧ˵ˡ
㻹졣Ц˵
Ŀ׷˲һצȥϵĴֻʱա죬һĸڹ̶õֳֽ
д˹ε˵
Цˡ
ʧʱ仹˸忿ڿϣѾ֣۾ʱ򣬷ע⵽ϸ΢֮
𣿡
д̾˿ȻǺܲ㡣
һõġ
ͷʵ⼸һ㶼ûüįģԸ˷ʱ䡣
˷ʱ䡣˵ҵһ춼㣬һʲôȤ
͵Цһ
ֹһ˵
ţ
ҪһӶˡʣ뿪𣿡
£ʱֱˣƺЩ㤣ԼΪҪʳֺ⡣
˹ȴھ֮⣬е˼ͻ
ΪǵһΣҲΨһһΡʧ֮󣬲飬߳˺µĸо
Ǳܵץסλᡣ
ᡣԼֿĿ˵û㲻Сοĳŵ𣿡
Ҳ㲻̫ʱ˵Ļע˫ۣ˵Ҿ˵ġ
лҪ˵ڲСˣ

45

¹ȥ, ŵ˹ڽҩоûʲôĽչѧоΪƽҩʾֵ֭˹լﰢɴ鱨ݵĹ, ʵں, Ϊʲͬ, ʱܻӣҲۡο, 鱨ݻŵ֧һʲƵĹǮ
ϰʧճ, ڵһڵʱһĨڵڼ߶ˡԼиİ趼أٻǴ, ŵ˹ȵĵΪһľ, Ѿİ, ·͸ٷ⡣
ȻʱײЩʲô߱Ȱ˹پײǽϡϣҪôǱµϰһˤڵϣÿһζ·ͻȻʮ־ġˤ¥ʱϿЩ˺۸պõò, һһˣ඼ڼʱˤӿĵġ
, Ӧ׻һùһ죬ä飬ʱʱŴֻһ֡ԼΪʱάŵеʧȥ˼ֵ
ĳһ, ˹ٰԺſʱһλҽ˳ȥæ¥ϢĲңάŵҲŲϷ
˭𣿡ʡ
άŵһ£û˵ش˵ղųȥҽˣ
ҽ
̫áάŵ˵Ҿûҽһ±ȽϺá
˹ٵȻҲע⵽ˡʼպƽЦȴһˡ
ҽ赼΢˵Чûдá˹ΪҪйĸԶԣⷢйʵε״˼죬Ȼһգ죬мֻѹΣÿֻܺһʳЩҩȻ˯ȥÿյİ϶ҽȷջ壬βȻգƽ¡
ֻ˹ٱŵòᣬǺʶģȴ˯þֵغ򣬿춼Ҫڴ߲ۡ
ϣѹ˵ڴͷЪš˹ٵɫԵƵɤ֪жƣˡ
Ǳŵ˹ŵġ֣ģ˵ǲģʵӦû˵˵Ϊάŵ䲻ղŶԡʵϣҿûôײ
һ˵˹ȴĸʹˣһʱ֪ÿ޻ǸЦ
ǣһ˵ʱҶΪΪš
Ȼ𣬲̸ŵ˹ģĬƬ̣˵ţҡ
˹Цͷ
ܹͨһķʽй泩ЩϣעҪաӡУֻһΣ뿪֮ǰȥ˯ˣ˯˯źȻæŽȥûѣΡ
뿪ֱҹűȰߡڶʱѾ䲻ˣֻԼǵμ˺ܱ˵£ƽʱҲżξʧйء
θյһηйĳڣ֮;˲١˹һ㶼ϣΪйķʽʱĸΣܳס˹Ҳһȱˡ
˼壬˺ȶʱä顢ֻʱ䣬ҪʱȥԺάŵһҲһ˳ˣտʼûףʱײ·ơͲͰ˹ΪһֻäȮ飬ɢҲ˱ȽϿĵ¡
ʱάŵͺȥɭϣάŵǰǣҲδе彣ѰƧ˴νȻ£ͨһ֮е泩
ʱάŵҿһͨԼֻǸ񵲣һΣĽˡܹȥ彣ʱ̾Ϣ˵Ժ˵ܳΪ˵еäϽ͡
ȥǸϡ֡˵
άŵЦţԴ㲡Ǵ֮һֱ
ϰˡ˵ֻҪҵͲ̫⡣
˵άŵһ鲼ɾ彣ʣӢŵɭʲôʱң
˰ɣһֱأϾô׼˵һߣҵľʱͻῺˡ
άŵЦˣĶе
Ҳô롣
ΪŪҩĶһʱܲ𣿡άŵͷ룬ʱٶʩѹˡ
⻰㶣ںҵ״̬
Ҳ֪άŵЦһ£ܵ֡˵ʵڵģȥͺ۰㡣λԾɿʲô⡭ԭĲһ
˼һԼɪȥϣӢŵɭͬ˵˫һĿԣǲζòζĳ̶ֳϵĺͽ⡣
ĶҴмΣ˵ⷴ£ֶϻһ㡣
άŵüûӦ
ǲ̫ˣĬȻƬ̣Ӣŵɭ

ʥǰգŵ˹˹լʱһƿҩ
˵ⲻǽҩֻоڵƷЧģǿջϲһ˵꣬ŴӰȡһöСƿݸ
ȻûõƿӾͱ˹ٶȥҩƿ߬Уŵ˹һۣⶫ˲𣿡
ġһֻкôûлֻûѣҲֻʱ⡣
˹ٿ˿ƿпɵϺɫҺ壬еȲ֭
ûϵģȤȵ֮˿ɾȻСˡ
һ£ƿӷС
ûϺȵúʯ飬ܴɣ
ŵ˹ЦˣôҪұ𣿡
ôġ
ãҵĿʹѧĹۡ
Ĭ˰Σѧʲôʱˣ
û˵ԣǳƽˡ

û˵ʲô˹ȴһֽһٵĳ嶯
ƽҹˡʱŵ˹˸ڴϷƵĴӻгһöɫż㣬΢Ц˵һȹʥ֪Ƿ׼أ
лҪ˵£дţҲ

46


ƽҹ, ¬һһȵʥᣬר̵, һȹա
˹ٺŵ˹Ҳ, ǶһǶ, ڰûйϵܵˣʥǺһȹ, ˲⵽һ͡˵, òʱҪѶҲǶ˳ŵ
˵ʱŵ˹Ա, 뿪ϴδҩûзʲôЧ, άŵΪ˵٩䣬ֻ˵֮ڱȻнչ
˹ٴʮ, ЩһôġҲûкһԴӹ͢һҹ󣬿ûټƺЩ˵˹һڿ￴ʱ䣬Ͳռɳһ, ˫żһۣÿֻǵ۾һ, ԹԵ˯ôãϺֻèĹϵ˿Ҳû
¥ϵУ¯ȼ, ڱ¯ǰķϣϱůģʲðһڡ
Ǹ֪ˣȴһֱû㡣¯𣬾ô۱ƿĿ⣬гɵ˵ΪҾáʱŲˡ
תβ˵ǰʱҵȷʵ̫ãѾˡ
ôҵĹͷ𣿡ῴ̫ȷʣһܲˡ
ҲǡǰңøַҿģҲ벻Щ¡˵ֻЩѰܲ˼룬͵͵޹üΣһĪؿˣˡ
Ϊʲôǣ
˵һҲ˵Ķ԰ɣ
һʱԡ
⣬£㲻ʲôˡ˵ǰʱ䣬Ҳݷá
ϾȻ΢΢һ£첻ǳڱԭֻǸ˶ѡϳ֣ʵ̫ѵãάŵ»ἱȥϧװ״顣
¯е̿žһ˴ʱĳšȻãǸ̸ĺûᡣ
¡ʣ̳лλ𣿡
סˣȫû뵽
άŵǰʱ˵Ϊ׼ŵúɣܲ㡣
ңΪʲô̲סЦˡ
̫Լѹ̫󡣡
ʵάŵ̸ʱˡʡݿᡣûĸֱ˵Ҳܲۡ
ᴹͷЦƬ̣˵öԡҲѡ񣬶ĸ̫ḡҵܵܣ̫Сˡ
ô˵ʵ̳лλ𣿡
Ҳ룬ҶûȤ˵ңάŵ˵ģ˼̫࣬ƣһʢĻʵۡ˵Ǻ׼
ʵ㲻ǿԼ
һڿǣʱϾᡣȻȴʮֳڣҲǲСԾ̾ϢһҪǴ绹ھͺˣʵʵѡ
ɫһ١
֪϶ЩƵԵʣ¯̫ů飬е˵˵ȥ¡
ҴΪBжġB֪𣿡
ϽƬ̡
Ϊ/ҩѧԱȻ᲻֪ʹʲ飬BҲһּͶĶ/ҩֻҪһܺ˸ж
Bж֢״볦θƣڣҲ֮ļҽ޷ȷϳBжǽרҵ⣬ڻٽлѧ
һ¶Ȼʣȴ˴𰸡
û
B顢ʯصȶ/ҩͬͶߣһѡСͶķʽܺȫԵ˥ߣ󼲵ļ
ȻСBܺѷԵ֢״ױһͶ׵ġͶߴûлڻӵʳж¶עһѡ˴B
BͶһԵĺôBжжһ켸κ֢״ڶŻƳθ׵֢״֢ءʹܺжľһʳ¶ۣӱжʱ򣬵ʢʳӦͱˣ˺ܿ˶顣
ץס𣿡
ץסˣǻҽʦһηлֻ֣üҴ硣˵ʹʳ̴ȳٶ˸ǣл̴ӳ֮¶ˣҲֻǸʦˡ
ϸ룬Ȼ̸ϿʣǱôҴȥ֮󡣡˵ܵһ㣬ҵҲ硣Ƿжʱ³ʿⶾѾˣܵ˺졣
ĻƽϾѾȥôꡣ̲סΪB˻ʲô³Ȼ˵ȥ
ʧ̱Ƥľʹ˳Ｘĵļ尾ٶ˥ߣʧȥȼյһɱʹ˫ۣҵʱܺ£ֿ־塭ֱ컹ҡ
һƬţ˱ʹ۾
˵ϵ۾ΪʲôҪ/ҩ
Ҳ֪ĬƬ̣ǣⲻǶ/ҩĴһҪĥ߻һˣǻиַġ
գ˵ЦЦ

˹ԭ飬ϧֻèѾ˯ÿʼˡ
ڿв䷳زñڼϵİΣ˹ٷ飬ΣѰ˸⣺֮ǰӢְ
ǵġеˮ󣬻ͷЦЦ
ΪʲôҪȥܼң
õܼҲ𣿡
ǡ˹˵ֻתδЩ֡
ʵϣǸӱɻعͷһƻãڻӢȥǲ
˹һ¡
ǰӵ˷游ЦЦ鱨ݵһˣһֱܼңѧϰӪ鱨ݵĸ֪ʶָȥ
ǰȥˣĬҲͲˣϵάŵһֱûгɹ˵̴ǶϢһĪչ˺һӡ
˹Цһ£ô鱨ûзǻţ
ռ鱨ҲҪʱ䡣̾˿Ҫ˶ˣ鱨ݸ˭ҿûж̵Ȥ
Ժһֱ
Ϊʲôɲ˱ڼϵĶժףЦŻͷһۣȻЩʲôҶ·𣿡
ûô롣˵ҪˣһϵӢץȥġ
ɣ

ʮӣ˳뿪άŵ͵ſڣȵŷתأվݵ̨ǰ
ÿ𣿡̨ס
ЦЦڲ˶ˡ
ô
ٹþԺѡٵӡ˵һӢŵɭһϡ
⡣άŵʼ磬׼ȫڳʲôҿһվߡ
ô϶
š˿ҹɫע⵽ˣǺᡣοҵģĸܡ
лҪ˵´鹹_(:١)_漰ĲֶǾҪΣնģ¡ҲοǡԪ ʷ
ڶˣÿ찡ԭ£쿪ʼ»϶ǰݣе㲻á


47

1893һ, ӢŵɭĬʽάŵĬӷϡͬʱ/ҩѧάŵ, 1890Ĭլۡɱ, Ҫ֮, ľɰ߷ԺС
һεͥȫ蹫ڼ֮ǰ, Ժſڱ˹, ʿֻҪ뵽֤ǰһ編Ժ;, ͥϯ, ˽ֱֹټ˾ͥ, ͥڲŽָ˰
гϯ˫绤ʦٿʼ顣εİڷɳʮַԺҪȷάŵӷݣܿʼ1890궾ɱѡƪ߼ܡ廪֮, ʱѾȥʮӡ
ܾɰڴĿ̵ӡ󣬵гҪһ, ˵
˰άŵĬѾȷϣ/ҩѧΪԭ棬߱ӢŵɭĬܸݺ漰Ϊ1890ĬլۡһͶ¼
լۡӶ˱ɱڸͷоˮƽ, ΪжάŵĬķз˴ӬֽɽӬֽøŨȵҺͶ϶ΪɱֳӢŵɭȡ̳ȨΪ/ҩͶһΪӢŵɭ׼޹²ݲУӶˡ
˰άŵĬɱ᰸һнǰ﷨Ժǣ߷ԺֻڣԴ˰ڶʡǵ᰸ڴæ֤ռԭ߷Ժ1890궾ɱ󡣡
г˵껰ŵ˹ȵϰ졣ͥڲ鲻ͬʮ߳ԭ汻桢˫绤ʦҪһԣСʱȥڵõ˽Ļᡣ
ҷĹ۵ǣһ׳ذŵ˷˵ʹӶģ飬ǴB
ϣϯϵһ˲١
B֮⣬мֶ/ҩܵͬжƵ֢״г/;ʯءȻ/ֻܵ¼жʯر¶ܵ𺦣ⶼ1890궾ɱ˵ݰأʱʢ޹²ݲĲھϵʱѿˣֻں׼飬֤Ǻαġ
Ҫα֤гʡ
ϵϣƽ˵92ţꡤ÷˹Żº͸к֢״˹ءɭŲʹ93ţܡǳ֢ͬ״ͬʱ˹ظ֢״أǹؽʹҹ޷˯ǵزһ㡣ҽˣΪθ׺ףЩҩ˷úȫ޺תļ󡣡
95ţ˹ء֢״ء̱֫ƤƬ״䣬˹Ѫѹߵʧҽֻϳ˥ߣ״޲ߣʱӢŵɭڱ˾
ܡǵ֢״Щֻʹ޷˯ȡӶǵʳȥ飬ڲ׼顣ֹ˼죬˹غͰжµ˥ܲʹԾˡ
˵˼ӣϢʱ䣬Ƭ̺żԣλӶ92žѾ˶Ҳǻ룬¶ҲܵͬĽֻҪ¶ƺÿεļͬʹڼ˥һάŵĶͲˡ
չȥۣ޹²ݲǸӢŵɭ׼ģûкȣӶǽʣȵж˵¶ͱͶѵ춼ӢŵɭˮδմӶ˺ȵʣδ̫˼ˡ
г˼һȷûҪô֤˵ȷʵǴBأ
ŲʹؽۺʧBᵼµ֢״Ҵδ˵˳֢״
ʦ˵Բ˺ͼ̷ףҲԵλʹʧ
ŵ˹ЦЦ̫ˡҶԶ/ҩ˽⣬жһٸﶼδһЩ֢״Ӷǡöϣⲻܡ
ôֹǲĺ׼ߵҲ˸ˮƽԪأνͣ
ܼ򵥣ǰ뺬ʳŵ˹תг봫ԭ淽һλ֤ˡ

Ƭ̺ܱһλ̬ׯװصĸˣгάŵʶλ֤𣿡
ҼԭŮͳάŵǱߡ
֤ϯȥʮңƤƫףͽϷࡣŵ˹˵λŮʿ1891뿪ĬլۡصĹĪȣǷ˺һҵǰ֤
Ůͳ֤ϯվñֱͦأ̬޿ָժȴ۾˭Ҳ
λӶжǰһܣĬլһССʳж¼Ӱ΢δע⡣˵һĩϣӢŵɭǰƵһ͵˼Уյʱʾûθڣָ˵ֵӶˡ
绤ʦ˵˵㱻˶
ҲȻŵ˹ЦЦǵ12ȾɫȾɫл̡
ϯһӵһ˵ܶ˶֪лȾϺ飬Ⱦɫıֽڼʮǰж¼ȾѾٳƷˣΪʳȾɫǲ
Ůͳ12Ⱦɫ㹻ʮ˷ʳʱԵЩĻֹʮˣǵǺʲô֢״𣿡
һֱͷŮͳʱ̧ۣûгκηɵɫ˵ֻ˵Ҽʵһ˹ĹʮˣҹＰڶ峿о˶˲̶ͬȵŻº͸к֢״ʣĸˣǳԵ̫٣̫ǿûгԲʡ
ûгֹ𣿡гʡ
ŮͳҡҡͷҶɫƯûʲôȤҪլۡеӶ˷ʳˡ
гǳ֢״ûҽ
ҽҽʳжĳθףʱǶΪǹǶˮʣû뵽¶֮¡Ůͳ˵ʣµĹڶӵˣʱ֤꣬Ѳڣ˵Ļʵ
ʦ˵ԭ淽ΪβֽĬլйӶǰ֤һǰѷŮͳ
ŵ˹ΪӶ˲֤˲ңǻᱣסġ
˵һ飬˵ĻġŮͳĸǿƣĿֱ绤ʦҲ±Ҳ̰ͼǮҵƷУϤҵ˶ûα֤ıҪάŵү׮ӣĵĲֹһˣҾΪȥ뿪˹֪࣬ǰ֤ƫ̻κˣֻ˵֪ʵ
лǰ֤гһͷϿ֤ԣǣǷ֪ǷȾɫõȾлأ
Ӣŵɭ̧ۿ˿Ȼͷ˵Ҽǲˡ
ǲ壿гü
һǲЩСµġ˵
⻰ҲûΪԼһݹҲõȾʲôƷ֡
ŵ˹ЦЦôǵĵڶλ֤˰ɡ
лҪ˵´鹹ݶǾҪΣΪģ¡_(:١)_˵һ
ǲǿúܱ
дҲϢ
ддŰԼˡ
º_(:١)_

48

гڶλ֤ϯ, һӣܱ뷨ͥ, վ֤ϯһλϡ
λǰ豴ʽֵһλȾ, һѾʮˡŵ˹˵
г˿ϵ, ̧ͷͷɻơˣʲôҪ˵ģ
ȾЩ, վﻨ˰ӵ, ̧ͷˣͷ֧֧˵µĹõȾ϶ǡṩģҽȾ, ͷҲ߰ˡ
гȾɫлҲṩģ
Ⱦһ, æ˵Ҳ֪ᱻʳƷļӹϣ֪, ǾԲġ
гͷҪż㻹֪ʲô˵
£лѧҲʳƷȾĭ, һʱ䣬, ˵ҲôİˣһʼȾϣܻȾʲôҲ, ΪȾϵĴˣȾϵϤŪңȥȾҶϱƷƺͼ򵥵;˵ΪǡŪġ
лһǵѧȾȥˣ
Ȼˡ˵ʱĹ¼ܲõĬɫȾϣ;ǻѧӹŪġ
绤ʦ˵ǣһȥȾϵĲǹ˰ɣ
ǡȾҡͷֻһʼҳƹһΣûӶĹ
ǸȾɫĬµʳƷӹԼġŵ˹˵˭ôģл̼뵽˹ƵʳƷУҼƵôҪ֪12ĹȾɫлӦѳֻŻ¸кǻ˰ȫʳƷȾϰɣ˺ķĻѵı
ԭ淽Щ֤Զû塣绤ʦ˵һ棬֤Ѳˣһ棬Ⱦɫ̹ûԲ룬бл̣ҲǺ֪ģֻǹŪˡ
ˡԭ绤ʦѵĬҹܣͬһ𣿡
Ⱦһ룬ŷӦӦشæҡͷǣͬһˡ
㹺ȾʱʳƷͻѧӦǷֿİɣ
ǷֿģʱĲܶǹˣǷֿġ֪һ㣬Ҳ˵Ⱦϵ;ˡ
ôлôܵʳƷӹȥأԭ绤ʦ˵ǹ⡣
ԭ֤֤ǹ𣿡绤ʦʡ
ھͽܶʸ
֪ǰ¹£Ա䶯ǰ񶼲ڰˡ
֤˲㡢֤ʧ󰸹ѿ˷⡣ʦȾɫһãֱϰ볡ͥгֹǵ۱磬гϢʮӡ
ŵ˹˿˶ʱԱߵӢŵɭΣ
ƽ
Ҳƽ
һ׼˵Ϳܷܵˡ

ʮӹ󣬼ͥгܽǰ볡ͥĽۡڿŵ£һλȥӶ˵֢״鵥µģǺܿBֶأڶӶǴǰʳõȾɫк飬ڼĹԪغܿǷݹ
ʣ˹ءܺͰҲʳȾɫ𣿡гŮͳʡ
ǵġͷʱеӶ˼ֹҲ⡣
ڵǣ˶Դ˻֪顣
Ӣŵɭûʲôʾı绤ʦ˵Լ¹ʳƷ¶ɣ˭Ĵ£Ҫôǹ˸ˣҪôҪ
ǵ붾һˣŵ˹̲סңǰһεĹһεĻ裬ԼûȫӶˡôãǲÿ춼ȥ
ϯϴһЦгɤ˵ȡ֤֮ǰ²öۡ
޷ŵ˹򾲵˵Ҫ˵ģǹӬֽ¡
1890ʱ﷨Ժ϶άŵĬȡҺֶǽӬֽ˵ǾȻˣӬֽݳҺɫģкԵĿζǼ뵽Ũ򿧷УȻһᱻ
ʹӶж޹²ݲ裬һֻ裬ûŨҵɫζڸӬֽҺɫζ˵ԣеһα֤
һΣ绤ʦû˵
ôB¶ɶˣBζ΢ûɫۼ뵽ʲôжѱ˷ŵ˹˵άŵķгӬֽ֮⣬ҲҲжƷˡƷ֮УֻҩBҿѲ¼ķвҩҲȥ1890ҩҩ¼ûⶫ
г˵άŵĬûBλȡ;һӹɵġ֤ݲ㣬ֻжδⲻɿҲӦٴʬ
Ӧˡ˵﷨ԺֻڵԪأȴûBԪصؼ⡣ҶBֶػУ߱𻯣ӹǻҲȻ̽⵽BߵķĹڳǶĹҵֻҪһǵʬǻңǾܵóۡ

ѶһѮԺҪʱѼ֤ݣڶѶԤƻڶ³ͥ
άŵɻϴ壬ٵ⣬θӢŵɭʵֱڣȷͶľӢŵɭˡ
˭أ
糿˹ٴجоѣţһƬڣ̨ƽߵ˿
Ų㡣
جΣͨμĳҲǼ֣ʱսϵľϰˣʹѪɵĳҲ鶯ҡֺǱʶԻеų⡣
ʱμǰһŵ˹ðŴѩǰ
ξʹ࣬ʱдĸо
ɻشϣԼȷʵŵ˹Ǿ仰ŵúˣֱڶûܻһֱߵӲ¥ͣ·ȥ˹լۡ

ȥ¬ɭ԰ɢȣҪ˲ʱ治׼˹ٻ֡
ߵߵʱץһֱۣҶе
û緹𣿡
ʱһûüԡЦЦһҾˡ
ȥ̫ˡ˵ȥ򡣡
ܿ԰ĵطֻ٣ԥһ˵Բţ̣𣿡
ͷ
˹ٴĳ£Լһ

һڳƬ̣ǰСϲ߶Ų˵ЦţȻе˳εһ
һ˹٣ڹ԰ĺֻܿİˡ־˵ȫİԴʧֱ֮ԽԽ
۾ǿ𣿡һ˵ʵ
ܲ죬תȥ촽΢˶Ӣŵɭ
лҪ˵ԭ绤ʦĶףҵĻò˵ˣҵķ뱣ס
ҵĺĶ֪ʶԾɲοǣԪ ʷ_(:١)_
Ǻ

49

ҡƽ˵, Ȼ
㡭е㲻Ϊʲô
ģȥһ, ܼ˵㵽԰ˡ˵, 㷴Ǽ, ңάŵ²ҵ˵ 
лҪ˵ˣ
Ӣŵɭ̾˿Ȼڷͥһδ, ֪, ֤˶ͨ鱨ݵѰҵġԾɰ©ķҲĽֻΪάŵز, ŵ˹ġ
ҲҲæ
㡣˵, ΪͬĿģҲѡ
, û˵
ǰΨһ©һ㣬άŵ֮ĸ顣˵Ҳ鷳ˡ
ʲô˼
ұΪ㲻ںάŵ˿ÿദʱ䲻һ£ôû뵽, 
ĬһҴСΨһ顣
ӢŵɭЦһ£֪ˣһͲˡ
Ϊʲô
Ϊ鷳û˵̫, 𣿡
û
Ҵд˵ʱľҲĸǡ, ΪĬĹݣŸ˺ӣΪ˱ܸıԼСʱͻƶ˶ԲҲû·ҪĴǶҸеʧɣҵĴûסλˡ
òˣǰķԸȥҵĸסʵһֱ֪ôˣȴϳϣҵһȥͱҹ˳ȥջǹʵڿȥҡ˵Ƿ˵Ĺϵһֱ㲻϶ô磬ʱķݺݵش˷ˣԴ¹ڻȴδǨŭҡֱڣһǺܸлûڣһ֪ʲôӡ
ʣôĶĺ֣
ӢŵɭЦһ£Ҳ˼ô࣬ˣҲͲнĵλˡ
ͷ
˵Щ֤ԼжôĿʹҵĸףһص˼Ժҵ̬Ȼܾ衣Һ;һҪĬҵȨλⱾҵĶ֮֡ȨͲƸˣһøһŽ׳µСүҾ˵ǣһϣжֻδᣬһжάŵֻǵʱάŵ٣ʱ£ʵҲһΡȵάŵ֮ҾҪһжԼֻһôĹƺš
ĬĬţȴת֣ת֡
֮ǰӰʧʲôֶΡӢŵɭ˵Ѿ£ûɣҲ˿δеֻһǾ㡣
벻ôҵֶΰѼ壬һǰȥѰ˵ڣˣҸ𡣡
һ˵ʲô⣿ԭҲҵɡԸҾӦԸάŵһûɣҲо񡣡
һӢŵɭ˵Ҵȥĺӣ𣿡
ʲôϵ
άŵ˵νΪǸ˵Ķӣϣȥ̾Ϣһ㲻һҰ㵱ʱԶӣҵΪʲôҪȥ˵ǽҲ㻹ǸӤʱΪβɴ㣬ΪʲôҪѾΪһԱأ
Ƭ̣ԡΪʲô
ӢŵɭЦһ£ûش⣺ҲϣκʧǣҲʲôҸ𣬽ԨһΪԼһΡ
˵⻰̧ͷɿʮ֮⣬˹˵Ŀײϣ˹ǾȣȻֱĿһϡ
ܱǸҸˡӢŵɭ΢ЦվժñӾ˸ʾǡ

³߷ԺɰٴοͥѶ
Ժȡ֤ȷ1890ȥλܺŹжܼBԪأǰ֢״ԺΪ˵ȷϵBж
ݶʱƶϣǵķʱӦ1890831գ91һ֮䡣ڣάŵĬǰķ㵤¶ӵвڳ֤һܶ˶֤İҲϸء
ңȷʵ߱BεԺ˰гҩ̵꣬İ֮ǰ¼ҩ¼ûзάŵĬ֡
ǷŷЯҩ裬һԵ顣ûзҩκκBεĶټĲڳ֤߷Ժ϶άŵĬǺ޹Ӷ˵֡
гһϵе֮ں󣬷ͥһ߳ĳ򡣾ŵ׼ʱͥоʱǾŵʮ֡
ϯׯصɤ˵ŵķ֤߷Ժڴ˾Ʒ1890﷨ԺάŵĬнάŵĬ
ϯϾĬһɢļ߶ǰĳգ˽ͷӶͥһʱ֮伫Ϊ֣˾ҲûеҪྲǰɰɷһ֮ͳ޹֮ˣԩѩµϱֻֽ֮ڰ⡣
֮еĽȻΪάŵеˣȻȴһ㶼ɡ
»ԶԶûн
Լӣߵսеòˣϯ˵ҲƽϢȥʱ˾ǲάһҪྲ
гͷеϣ˵άŵĬȷˣ1890궾ɱֳһв򾯷ָӢŵɭĬΪ֡ԺԴһ飬ǣƲķʱڣӢŵɭҲӵвڳ֤ǲܸӶͶġ
Ŵԣάŵʶתͷ/ҩѧϯŵ˹ɫ
Ӣŵɭ830ŵ91ţμӻҾٰɳס¬صլۡͬеĹ嶼֤һ㡣гŵ˵ңҲ߱BεµĻѧδõʡԺΪܸݺֵĿԷǳС
ӢŵɭĬܸݺԺڲ֮пͥڴڼ䣬ӢŵɭĬ뿪衣г˵꣬һ·鳣ҪͥʽȴϯϵĹȻվ
һ£г˵лҪ˵
г·鳣ü
Ϊ棬˫ʧȥ˹۾ͣ˼룬ԴĿ⣬˵Ĭ֡


50

ɫ, ˲÷ǳ԰ס
˵Ӣŵɭڴ˵ĿߣյķͥͷΪϴάŵڵ, ָءгûֹ, ˾Ҳûܱȥϯϴҵ, ڱȷŻҪóǵֽ, æ¼¼½չ
ʲôӦ, άŵѾİָӢŵɭŭɶغʲôֶξܳ, õ⣡
ӢŵɭΪ, 򾲵˵ʱĬլۡУΨһܹB, ûвڳ֤ˣֻ
άŵЦӰĩ³ǼУһֱڷջԣѵ𣿡
ȷʵû˵Ȼ˭ܹ֤, յʱһҲûѹһҲû뿪Լķ䣿
𣿡άŵ, ˵һŸա־ѵˣ;뿪ȥӶ¶
Ҫ˵ġ˵ҵɶųӶ, ֻҪ鵱Ƿҩȫˡͨ˳ҩ֮ⲻȡBε;ȴǸ⡣
˵ţĿתŵ˹˵ûɣ˹
ŵ˹ɫض
ڵĶ/ҩѧѾ˱ΣƷƻƣǾ˷ֱƹܿԿס˵ǰû涨ʱѧĿȡһЩBΣֱ׾١
ʵŵ˹޷˵ƾһ͸Ҷ϶֣
һб֤ݡӢŵɭͷеֽȡһļ
ʮ꣬ҽΪߵļЪ˸֤ļ϶ˣֽ泯չʾҽԺǩ£λԺв鿴
ʱ˵û˸֢Ҳûиҽ
Ӣŵɭŵֽţ
˫۾޷ֱеϵĸ
㲻ǵҲġ˵ڶ˸ľԼ£ڵ˸֮⣬㲻֪
ŵ˹˵ʶôãδľκβѰֻ֤֮Ҫλҽ˽㹻ã뿪پж١
ɷ˭أӢŵɭͶᡢûвڳ֤ܹBΡ֪BεҩԣЩģֻһˡ
ŵ˹촽һ£Ҫ˵ʲôȴ
˵ǷˣӢŵɭ˵˸ѻһҪص㣬֪˸ʹ˸ӵȫͬļ䡢Ϊʽң˸Դ˸Ĵ֪ͨ顣
˵ҵĴ˸ɱˣ
û˵֤дشʡɼ־ģʱйԵĴ˸֡
ҷϡ˵Ҵδйжϵľҵϲܴڵڶ˸ϵǷ֤Ǽٵġ
㻹ûܻشǸ⡣˵֮⣬˭ܶɱأ
ûлشͬҲبꡣһֱǱоӣݺ˼ʣµɵֻһ
ӢŵɭĲڳ֤
ȷʱӶ˵ʳͶζ¶ˡ
Ǹ˾˭أ

Ӣŵɭڷͥ˲֤ݣ֮һȡϷʽϳ棬֤Ҳ޷ֱ֤ͥʽ֮ƽص˼С
һ͵˼άŵ򿪿˿İӱ۵λã趼֪ǰɱֲ
Ѿϴѩȴһ㶼˲
ΪҲȻڱӢŵɭڷ֮ͥϹȻɣ˵Ļһֲ©ؼ¼
֪ɹôסʱ䣬Ӣŵɭ۾ҵо飬ʹԩͬʱԼֳۻɵǸˡ
άŵЩط˱ֽ
ܾôӢŵɭһкšŵ˹Ƕ棬ſȣҪҵƲ𣿡
˵
϶ԺĳԱͬǴкͬⶨһָ˵ָݿǽʱѺƵʲôԺʱȨܶõΨһʱ䣬ǴԪ֮Σìͷ׼㡣
άŵȨѺ
˵Ƕڹ۲죬ʹͬҲͬԽһڡŵ˹˵ԺȨ
ôάŵȻҿ֪ڼʲôҲȥͬ£ܣ
侲һ㡣ŵ˹˵˵ˣʹͬѺĵطǼΣҲ˶̡˵˵
άŵ
˹һֱɫ˵ŵ˹ΪбҪѯһͿһۣʲô
Ժ·ָ˵Ҳӵġ
ǿɲСŵ˹ЦһûȨԺľ
ô죿ҲˣѵۿǴ𣿡άŵ˵۾䵽Ӣŵɭδ̫ðˡ
ǵ̸ĬһȻ˵ҿԸߡ
ʲôάŵתͷ
Ӣŵɭɱ𣿻ǽҶܡ˵Ҳ͵ǲȡжأ߻ǷʹǱԺľûгҵɡ
ŵ˹˵Ҳô롣
Ҫıأ˹˵ʲô¶ó
ڹ۲ڼǿʱ̽ӵġ˵ǿÿȥңһʱҾͻˡ
δֹ̫ˡ˵ҶʮСʱߣҲܷġ
㾿ôŵ˹üԺίеľ̽ʱܣǸһͷս
˹û˵һֳصĿⶢ˭ɫڵ顣
֪һԲŵ˹˵黹ûǸزطзɵġ
˻ŽƬ̣άŵֿǸδ˸Բ˺ˣİɣҪߵĻǻֹɣ
˹ĬĬһۣĿ⣬̾˿
˵˵ȥЩδػᷢ¡ŵ˹ûش·ڴͳһö޲ŵĲƿϣ˵Ʒ3ţϾţ˺ȡ
άŵôƷƷҪŵһٺȥ𣿡
ŵ˹бһۡ
˵ˣʯȻƽҪƷġЦһ£ƿӣʲôɫ
ɫŵ˹˿ģҴӦκ۾һ

ҹ˵ңڷάŵ飬¥λÿ͵
λ˵ǳʾԺǩֵ飬Ҫ㵽¬ɭȥһˡ
ŵ˹µùȻûʶתάŵ
˵ʲô׼άŵ飬ʣҪȥ𣿡
û취վӹɵȣǵҪҡ
һȥһȥΡάŵҲվ
Ǳ߿²ôƵ̽ӡ̾˿м¡
˵
еȰȰ𣿡
û⡣άŵЦһ£Ψһˡ
лҪ˵ĽֱһĿQAQǿ۲ۣ
Ȼȷʵӹ½_(:١)_Ҳ֪Ҫզ
лĵףתԾôôգ


51

ŵ˹Ļ֤ʵ֮, һҲʼȡжάŵȥ¬ҿᣬ˹ڰʶȨ, Ժʩѹ, ͷ
ϧжʧܸ, άŵ¬һֱȵҹӰӶûšݹ, ڷ㵤¶Ӵʹ, ҹˡάŵ£ԴһѮɰ, һֱ, ƺæµǳ
˹Ѱʮλѣûܵõκʵİ, Ǵ಻Ը鷳ڶ죬һǰݣŵ˹һһƻάŵȥ¬ɭĵ¼/ң̽
ѺȾͷһ߰ƽ׵С, /ҵһССĿշƽʱϢ, άŵֻŰ˵λȴܸߣֻܿ/ҵ컨塣
ûȤ̸, ֮󣬾;뿪ˡάŵϸţƼ/ҵţ
ȻһֻС
άŵҲ֣ǿһ£ʣ滷ôû۸ɣ
ԣϴҺˮҲ»ġ˵챻ֱ֮ӵһֱһˡ
뵽һСʱ̽ʱ䡣˵ںŵ˹밣ά˹
ά˹
ԣһʲôMarsڰ
ά˹ֲܵ𣿡
ֲҪӡ˵ҪƽǾòˡ
һάŵ˵Ǳûӣ˵ɡ
ӣŰάŵ˿صӣĬѡ˺ͬơ˾ôűмһţ̸
ʳô
ԣ緹ţ̺Ͱ
Ҹʳͻϴ·Ժػͽȥ˵Ҫʲôͺ˵
á
άŵĬƬ̣ɫʵϣҹȥ¬峿ȥһΣҿ취ҹû
ҲȨ档˵춨ڹ۲Ƿ׼ġ
ܲһֱʧɣάŵ̾Ϣһһ̽Сʱʣµʱô죿
ģ֮ռҲ֤ݣԺҲܼ/ˡ˵
ӢŵɭҪĥһضԴ㡭
ᡣ˵άŵһٴˡȻô˵Щģʵ
ںǰͬĴԽԽѿ˲𣿡άŵЩػعȥȻֻһš
ֻܸݺѣ·Զ˵ɣżѺǼɵңǼɵʲôˣ
άŵʲô˼
ҡҡͷת˻棺άŵΪеڶ˸𣿡
ôܣάŵԴ֮ԱǣȣӢŵɭΪݺұģḻ
˵СʱԸȫˡ
ֻı仯˸ûйϵСʱƲ֣Ϊû飬ĸ׹磬Ӣŵɭ˼ΪϿĬլ͸һաο岻ãʱȥ棬ö֮ȻԸ񡣡˵ŷദǳ⣬ҵĸҵѣÿȥݳȥӾ⣬Ȼͺˡ
˶٣æʣ㲻ڻԼɣ
ûСЦһֻĿ
ģû˸ֲ֢ˣڶ˸ֵʱ˵ʶᷢ仯άŵ˵ʺ͸ʼһģƻСô˵أͺͿǼһһģһ
գգۡ
绹Ҫȥ¬άŵһ´ȡ
šʣ̽ӵʱ仹ʣ¶٣
Сʱ
ٺЩʲôɡ˿£ŷ¡ʲôԡ

磬һֱڵ˹ֱҹ/ŵӣ滹һ㶯ûС
µˣҲǼ/ҵȵʮңʵڳŲס˯ˡ
ڶʱоԼϡǵңλ൱ߣʹǶϵһСط濾ůġۣһƬ˸ŵֱۣڵһ
ȵȻѣιȥۡ
/Ĵ̫С仹ǻ谵ġܽų⿴ڵĳ裬ӡӡһֻСŴһϴҵš
֣ͷ˿·
۾ܿˣ
е㲻ţֺݺԼĸ첲һ£ʹʵģΡ
ɿ´ŸովǰȴֱһƬڰ
ֱ仯ֻһ˲䣬һ£Ȼ˻ȥ
侲룬ŵ˹ҩҲƷûﵽĽ׶Ρڵ˵ҩЧȻЧջϲһ㶼˳ȥ
ڴϴһȥ˱ˮͲ֪ʱѾˡ

ʮӵʱ򣬼/ҵźȻ죬洫Ϥ
һ´ű֣
վ˹٣ıάŵ˰ߣ̧־׵عܽȥסָ
Բ𡣡˵ˣĵӵʱѲҽˡ
û¡һ£άŵʱƺҲʮң̽ʱʮ㵽ĵ𣿡
ǵģҸղˡ˵Ҵ˳ԵĹ㻹ȱʲô𣿡
ʱûС
˹ĵ⣬һֱָ߬ûſֱɿ֣˵°ɣ䲻䣿
䡣ű£˵Ѿ˰ά˹ܸ֮ϵһСʱĵ֮ǰһΣάŵ㡣
áͷ뻹ǲҪԼݸ¸ΪãԼһ׸һȵȥ֮󣬵ŵ˹Ϳˡ۾ȫ֮ǰ˵Ҳһϰ¡
⣬˹ٻλע⵽վŵġ
㲻𣬽
վžͺáڱϡ
ĬһҲվס˵Ҿһûпĸܡ
ô˵ǲѵġ˹˵֮ǰҲȷ̫ˣһ漰Ҿ޷侲
컹Ϊˡ
ʲôüҲܲ㣬Һ޲ǽҲؽȥ
ЦЦ
ĬЩ˼˵⻹м¡
ʲô
Һάŵʱ䣬ɤӣôϣأһ죬һ죬ÿ˸һСʱߡ
Ƕ𣿡ֵʡ
էһģұ棬ԡ
һСʱ
š
ĬȻΣ˵Ǻɰ
Ҳô롣˹̲סЦ˳˵Ҳ֪ôˡ
һάŵҵν˵
һ£Ҿɣ˭ء
иԳĬһ˹վվ˾ۣɿ֣¡ԼȻվ⣬ֱϵʱһһţʣµ̽ʱ仹ʮӡ
ͷϣŴǰ£Ȼ˵ĺάŵ
ôԴ𣿡
ôĴף˹ٲЦֻǾ궼Χڡ
˭ôùأ˾ҲЦһ£˶˵άŵҶԣһ
أ
⻰һ죬ܾⲻôʳڣԵܳס
ûݡ˼˺ܾò˵뿪ңһᷢġ

仰˹ټǹһ죬ҹʱܸеһ㡣
άŵȥ̽ӣһûܼҲ֪﾿ôֻ˼ÿҪˡ
죬ŵ͵¬ɭһֱȵʮ̽ʱ俪ʼϢĸ䡣ʿѾüΣʱһֵ
ˣѾûˡʿ˵
˹ٽסŵʣ⻰ʲô˼
λСҹﱻˡʿ˵ԺĬ˵ҪȥԺٹ۲켸졣
лҪ˵


52

뿪¬ɭ֮, ˹ȥĬլۡϳ˱ŸһѰԺԱ, Щֻ֪ȥԺ, ȴ֪ص㡣ͬŵ˹, ԺȫѰ˸飬ȫûҵκι
, ˹ٴĬլۡǰ, ŷ֮⣬ֱӴ˽ȥԺȼ˽Ƕ˹ʮϤ, 
һ·еؽ˷, һѯӢŵɭڣȻ¥鷿, ֱƿš
ӢŵɭžƬ濴һļ˹ٴֱӰγ彣м׼ĺ֮졢ִ֮׼̾΢罫ɢֽŴȥ
Ӣŵɭ̧ͷ, в޾֮ɫ
լеĹܼʱ˹ſսսؿһĻ, ӢŵɭƳһۣ˵ȥŹϡ
źʱ˹ȶŽ, ʣĶ
ǽȥԺժ¾Ƭ򾲵˵
ļԺ
ʥâԺ
ȥҹ˹俴
ԼܵˣϾǲǶܼܡӢŵɭȻ΢Цһ£ˣҵǿ˰һҡ
һס˹ٽǰ˰֣ܴôˣ
ҪɱңܾҲˡ΢΢ۣƤܸоɢĺ
Ҳɱ㣬һĥֱ˵Ϊֹ˹ǰƽһֳֻϣ涢۾Ӣŵɭ໥֮˽⣬Ͳټˡ㾿Ҫʲô˵ֻҪ㽫ʲôԷ
Ӣŵɭ鿴ҡҡͷҴϵòκζ˹١ǵĻʼֻǸ˶ѣʲôæﲻϡ㾡ʹκֶĥңҵҲ˽⣬ΪԵʱ̣ʲô˵
˹Σֳһѷ졣
Ӣŵɭ˽ֹ̣֪ܿӢŵɭΪʲôʲô֮أ
ȥͬɣǲҪӢŵɭ䵭ЦЦΪĹҵ

ΪͻȻʧ٣άŵҲⱼһ죬ֱŻص
Ÿ費áͷɥİά˹ޱڽŵ˹Լһλ˺ü
һɫʢװȻʧպҵĿվȻãڸ裬ɫ͸һѪĲ԰ףȴƽδԵû̼
ڹؼʱղӰάŵЩգ߹ȥλ£˵㻹֪
ά˹һԴӸղżλӣά˹ܾñಷԷĿһεѹоĪĻҹҲ٣ΪԷĻݲŸеηɵġϾһ˵ηĶ
Ǹɫƺֲ԰˼֣ûκα⣬ֻ˵룬ӢŵɭǴ뿪ˡ
һֱڽͷŵ˹ʱ̧ͷĿͣĳһա
άŵ뿪裿
Ҵǰ˵ΪҵİֻҪڰȥͲܱҡ
ˣ
Ҷ֪١΢ȫΥҵԼ
άŵĬһȥʹ𣿡
˵ͷ˹һ㣬ҲӢŵɭ˱ڡûƾʵݵ£ѲĬլۡοԼҲС
Ӣŵɭ˷ɡֶΣͶȡɵܳɹһʱ˻ң൱͸֧ԼδʱڲܱҷδҲһƬˡ
ȫǷңȻþҪԼǰ̺ڰõһС
ΪʲôҪôάŵǲ̫ס
֮ǰҲ˵ϲǱһ׮ܸݺѣͨСº׽ʵûҪ뿪衣
Ϊҵصö࣬ĲǱɽһǡʼճĬŵ˹Ȼ˵µĲһλҪˡ
άŵתͷ˭
ŵ˹ûлش⣬ŸղŵĻ˵ңҲ¶̬ԽԽ䵭վ㡣ִ뿪õѡ񡣡
ңάŵһͷˮָԼ
ΪͶʱǰ׼ŵ˹Цһ£˵Ҳλᡣ
ῴһۣҲֹ㡣ʱһ飬һ֪Ĵϵ
˵վάŵȸˡ
άŵʶصͷĿ߳䣬ȻͷŲ輸̨棬һӡһӺά˹ʣһλҪˡָԼ𣿡
Ȼ̧ͷ˳Űά˹Ŀ⣬Ҳŵ˹
ŵ˹ȦһԲ
άŵΪʲôܵҵ֮١
һһأŵ˹̧˵ҲôŹ𣿡
Į飬ǰŵ˹Ǳ˸ˣڷͥϵûάŵϲöʣ͵ͷ
ʱŲ˾ǰάŵͷȥ˹ٻˡ
ɫ㲶԰ף첽ǰ¥ȥάŵæ˳ȥѯӢŵɭĻظ
ŵ˹۹Ҳ⣬ֱŲʧˣĿҲûջء˹ٵǸ鹴ĳλ䣬һʱ֮䣬ȻҲЩԥˡ
ɫȻɼᶨΪˣά˹ִ˶ԸеܷΧı仯ʵҲģ
ŵ˹˵ͷ
Ҫ˵ǶԵġ˵˭֪ôˣʲôҲδؾƽ°
ŵ˹̧ͷЩյضͲס
˵ȥ°ά˹һԭط㶡
лҪ˵
_(:١)_ӽβ˿ķǳ

53

ŵ˹, óһõ̶̲ݵȼ, ɳĬĬ
, ǰ¡

1889Ķ, ڰԺ˹ٵһע⵽, ֮ǰȻ֪ôһ˵Ĵ, ȴûм棬ȥӡУֻһ, Ӣŵɭõ֡
ǶѾ֪¡
ι, ʲôŵ˹٬΢Ц, ʱ˹ٻǺ죬ȴеЦĬСǲǺܺÿ
˹ǺȻһ㣬תͷɫ԰ס
Ѿʮ꣬ǰʽ罻ˡŵ˹΢Ц˵, Ը⣬ҿԽĬСܸʶ
˹ٵżֻȻ, ̬ȴȻ򾲣ҡҡͷ˵ˡ
ŵ˹һ£ȻҲǰ, ĬôҪõѣӦòҪҽܡ
΢΢̾˿
ӢŵɭǰἰԼãһֱΪ֮ϵ䵭ҪͨӢŵɭʶǺܻƵġ
ҲԸŵ˹ܣղһ۴𺳾ʲôҪԼʡϣֱӶĸ¶ۣúܲ
һ̨ʣµʱ˹һֱȥİᣬʱʱ߿һۣܸоĿ⣬ȴ̧ͷ
ŵ˹۲һȻ̧ͷԶüŪۡΣʲôζȻؽעַ˸ϡ
ŵ˹˹ٵʱ硰һһȱ顱ò˼顱һݡҩʵ㲻Ǹ˵йŮ𣿡
ŵ˹˵ˡ
ʱ˹ٻ޷ܿԼĸ飬ֱ뿪ϷԺʱµģûӦŵ˹롣ǻصԼĹ֮ۡһܵʱҲ޷ӰԼԺĨȥ
һ֮ڶ/ҩѧҵŵ˹
ϲˡ̬Ⱥܳ
ŵ˹Ǳ̹ʾˣû˵һ仰
ϣټʱҪҽֱܸŵ˹۾˵ǰûпǹⷽ£οҵְҵʵ̫ΣգҪһЩʱ䣬ú侲һ¡
㡭ʵôɣŵ˹ЦҪԺֱûҪÿһߵôСΪĸӦҲûô
˹Цһ£ǺҪ¡
ŵ˹룬˲пӣĪ׹밮ˡ
μ罻г̶˹٣ᡢᡢᡢɳ˹ֻҪпվͻȥϯĿֻǶ࿴һۡʶ˶ģȻʼز罻ˣڰ̫̫С˵ֱһ
ȻʼֻԶԶؿţӲǰȥγ£ŵ˹ʼżˡ
Ϊʲôȥڨŵ˹ʣ˵Ҳϲأ˵ˣȥڨѵ˲𣿡
˹ûʲô뿪裬һ߾Ǻü¡ŵ˹룬ԼԼְҵʱո½нʮַæڰסһսͱҪսʱпܸѪĴۣȷʵ˴ʹࡣ
ȻῼǵЩ£˵ϲɡŵ˹Щ˼飬ûи˵
˹ٶԣȷʵҪԭ򣬵ĵ׻һ˵ڵĸо
ÿοʱͻᱻɢ˲ʮеìܣ뱣־ԼƺӵҸ
ٶȻصʱѾ1890ˣ˹ǰһϯ罻ϣֻΪ˼ûаһӣҲòɰݺ忴ȥӣǼĵǿҵıÿбԽΪĿĽӽܻʮ־裬óĿⶢǸˡ
΢ɵǣ罻ôˣûйѣȽҪõѶŵ˹ľز࣬ǾԲʲôĻ𻨡
˹³˰£ŵ˹ѾʶĪĳ飬ȥǰ취㰵Ų߻һˣʽ档ֻҪһȥĲˮɡ
Ǻܲɣ죬άŵˡ

άŵ֣ڵ˹ٶҲǸŶѡ֪άŵĬҵĵӣһ֮оסڰʱ䲻һ£ĸ磬ⲻ˵֮ĹϵأӢŵɭĸ䵭άŵظûʲô顣
˹ûȥ˼£뵱ȻΪάŵ֮䲢ڶ飬ĬƺǺѰ¡ԣӢŵɭάŵҪæǲפڰ½ЭѲʱ˿Ҳû뵽
ʱһңһάŵӰ죬ͲɵشӦӢŵɭ󣬿ϧûôԶΪ˽⻹ޡ
άŵŵ˹һæó鲻δ˹ټ档άŵǶʱ䣬˹ǰߣ֮ǰ˵ˣܵǣû뵽ĲĸԴάŵʵһ꣬ǸվͷΣҩǼͨ¡
ʱӱֽϿ˰ϢάŵͬѺһһֵԽˣӵӷͬ߻һȺԶĺڵͬܱ׷ӷĹпǹˣʣµһֱӵֳټ˺Ĵǰд˵Ϻ˺ܴķ籩ƷˣһƱ˺ܿȫѳڴ󺣡֮άŵԴԺδ
ʱѾԣ˵ĬլۡɱӢŵɭΪݺܵܶһֲ߻ģ˹ٰŰɣûʵ֤֮ǰỨѹ˼ȥǣҲϣӢŵɭó
ֹһ£ص裬ڹۡǰǵúѩŵ˹سǵϢƥɱֻΪ˸һجġ
ǸǳҹѩǰƮ䣬ճĽëϣ߶ģˡ
ˡŵ˹ıǰδеأĻҲǰδе᣺ġ
һʼ˹ٸ޷˵ʲôԵһƺ̱ˣȻŵ˹˵ʲô
ֱŵ˹صһ¡
ɡ˵
쿪ʼ˹˾
ʧȥһˣ޹⣬ǰǲŵģȴ̵ķʽһСԭӦʲôӣԶҲ벻ˣֻǵ֮ֻҪڣͻģˣеĹʧҲزԭģ

ŵ˹һֱ˹ٵ⣬ûк˵һ仰Ҫ˵ˣʶûʶ鵽˵زڸ̫ɣνĿʹŵ˹Ϊġ
һ£һĴڣڤڤ֮ʲôǰԵ֡ŵ˹ʹ˹٣һǸĳ񶾵СħأһŪĸأһͺĲһأһиʲôã
ûô˹˵ϲġ
·˵ҴһʼϵˣϲģԼʹûи˵ֻǿҾ˽⵽һ㣬
ŵ˹˵ˡ
һʼѭųŵԲ˹١ʹһҲ͹ȥˣϾʶ
ȻʱԽԽĿ˹ٵ飬оԽҡԼδ̫пˡһԸ˹ôʹ࣬һֲΥ֮ԼǶʱҲż尾
һΣ˹һڶ/ҩѧݵĿУᣬ˹ֻʱ䡣˴ʬ״̬ѾܾˣͣʥĽʱ͵͵ȥ죬һ԰׵ݸһۡĹĹʱһվãǳ̶֪Ĺǰһߴһ㻨Сʱֱʧǵ뿪
Щ¼ͱдСҶŵ˹ĸұϵӲûǿЩ˾ĵϢ
˹ڻŸ˺ҲûʲôѾˣŵ˹һʼԽԽãȥϸ붾/ҩܱ˲˹ģʹˡ
ѧɳһƬͣһ¡ƬǼǰȥӡģæͷһֱȡֱǰû滹ĵ
ŵ˹Сػͷ˹һۡ
ϣԭ˫˹ٴʱƬĿȵܰƬճ
㡣ŵ˹ݸȻͷʣµġ˵»Ϊ
˹Ƭע˺ܾúܾãֱŵ˹װһᣬҪܵʱ򣬲ʣôʶģ
ŵ˹ͷ
Ϊʲôᡭϲ/ҩѧأ˹ٵĿ⻹ͶעƬϣѵ˼֡
ŵ˹ۣ̾˿
лҪ˵ȻǺ_(:١)_
ƪһ㶼ǸոֻҪɰҪʱӸΪд

54

ŵ˹ʶԼ·֮ǰ, ʱڵݾסڰѾˣƾҩѧǶ/ҩϵ׿Խɾ, ˲λ, ҳΪ˷ѧĳԱ, ڰС
һڷѧٰɳϣҵ, /ҩѧĽ顣ŵ˹ʱܾ, û뵽ӢŵɭĬþȻԼһμΪʱûʽ罻, ᡢɳ֮ĳ¶档
ֻ˵Լ뷨, ûжڴӦʣ/ҩѧҪķѴľͽǮ, ĬҲܹṩѣĻŵ˹
ϣҪô֪/ҩŵ˹
ͷ۾ŵ棬/ҩ֪ʶӦñռ, ĶɱѾߵǰδеĵز
ֻռ/ҩ֪ʶĻͶͿ˰ŵ˹˵
ڻ, ԼʱģЩĮİͨĮ˵Եһμ, ܻ᲻Ĵ⣬οԷĬá
ǣҽ֪ôжĲˡ̧ͷ/ҩѧᣬһרҵʿоⶾƳҩþȵ˻ࡣǻƶɱкܶİ֪֮жپƵͶֶΣȥɱַֻԽԽܻӭΪܷࡣ
ŵ˹˼ؿһ
ʵиܣǾʵȿҪܶ࣬ʱʮѡЩеɣ˵ɣʵȴѡ
Ϊʲôֻʡ
Ϊҵĸ㱻/ҩ
ŵ˹㶣Ӣŵɭ
ǡҡͷһ硣
ŵ˹˲ͲµͶ˭
ܾû˵һվ
ˡ΢΢˸ŵ˹鿴ôҪӦӣˡ
ŵ˹ıӰȻһ¡
ͷ
ǿһԡܿƵ˵

Ӧ鷳£ΪпƵģҲݴﵽԼصĿġȫǳڱܴӦģǡɴĵĳϣΪԼһҲǱ/ҩٵġ
ʱⲻᵹͷܾȸˣҲǼ¡οֻҪȥпʵֵģԸ⵱ˡ
/ҩѧʼΪӰŵ˹ѡ˶/ҩǵͷЧܲǼԵɫʺ˵ΪϻҲ٣Ķ/ҩѧ֪ʶҪԨö࣬ҽѧĴ󲿷־ѺĬṩġӢŵɭǮԼҵŵ˹ܸлϵ۸Ļᡣ
Ŷ/ҩѧĳɳϵãǰ¶˱ԡʱҲ֣һμŵ˹ʱ˵ӡٲȻʮ䣬֮ȴԽԽ룬·ֻʮ֮꣬Ҳʲôϵ࣬ദͬѡ
ŵ˹òϣȫһˣԷĬá֮ʱܻܿ꼰ҲȡʲôʩˣҪ
뷨ʲôʱıأԼ˵ʱǾ˵Ǹ󵨼ƻʱ
ŵ˹㻹ǵáɽﷲٵǴμ𣿡
ȻǵãҶļһɱҶ˶ˡ
ҩʵҲǴڵİɣЦЦܰҵ𣿡

뿪Ĭ壬Ӣŵɭȥάŵ
ŵ˹̲ס룬Ҳһ˿ϸôĴȥǸöãϲҲûϵعһͬЩʹ²
ҵҩͨҩûа취ļʯҩԡ
άŵʧٺ󲻾ãݽլۡУŵ˹òҹ﷭ǽȥ棬úʲôԼᡣӷȥǽϣվİͥ԰
ŵ˹ζһƿɫҺ壬ȥᶪúá
ллЦЦʲôҪעģ
ÿոãһСʱЧŵ˹ЦݣҪҪٿһ£
ҡͷ
һҩأϾûʵ顣˵
˵Ȼ㶼ˣɣ
ŵ˹üôң
֮󣬼ʱҴӹײڳҲҪˣάŵ֮⣬εˡ˵
һҪַʽ뿪ģֻܱܿӢŵɭߣȫɡ
ŵ˹صԼһҹû˯þڶһ磬˵Ѷ

֮ǰ˵õ󼸸СʱһˡҲ˹١뿪سÿյ֮ʱŵ˹ҹɫĲȥڷˡ
˫ǲģеһǰδеĿ־壬һѾѹȴڹײô죿һƿҩ⣬ҲѲô죿
һһһŵ˹ֱܲԼΪʲôҪôı˵
˵ġ
ԣԣѾǱˣֱ֪仯Ǻʱġ
һ£ײĵı¶˳ŵ˹ôĹһ˿ľصĶӣַ˺ôײĸǶƿѾƣˣշǸģ̷һ軯/һɡ
ӹײﱧ˳԰׵ɫûУûУûϵģŵ˹ͳһƿҩֶò㽫ƿӴ򷭣þһ򶨣ŽƿеҩҺȥ
ֹ˰СʱˣȻǳôǻŵģŵ˹Ըϣʱˡ
ֻСʱĹָԭ״

ڽס˼죬ָ֮ǰŵ˹һֱ˴뿪ʱ֪еķѾ̫ˣԼԤڣԺҪǲˣ뱣ֵø˵ǣ˵Ŀһ£Ӣŵɭ
֮ҪԵ⣬һ˹١
Ҫй¶ܣô˹һȥڷأʡʱʡֲÿ˿̰͵
Ƕʱ䣬ÿ˹ôˣָԼԴش𣺡⡣


55

ŵ˹ľ˹ٵԴ⡣
ԭάŵʧ, δ߹˹٣˹ٵԸȽ, ֪, ֪ʲôز, ˹Ѿȫˡ
ӢŵɭȻҲμ̬ʼշǳƽ, ֻɫ͸סŵ˹ܵǰиСϷӢŵɭ, Ͼȫ֪ȫܵģʱδġ
, ˹ûкӢŵɭ˵һ仰, ûпһۡʱһ, ӢŵɭͼȫǣԷǿһ㡣
Ǻܷģ˹ٱʹ˼㣬ҲڶԼѲǡӢŵɭǰһעԼĸ, һжδȷʱԸöԷԼϲáȻ, ЩƺˣӢŵɭһԵĵ⣬Ҳٷĸ顣
ֻ˵һ£Ѿȫ֪ˡĸԴάŵ, һӢŵɭԼҲڲ֪״Ʋ
һʹӱŵ˹㰲οԴ֮˹ǰָʱܳˢһУеİ顣
ûãʱ˹ͬһ㡣
ʱʱôѶŵ˹ͨţǹ˹ٵ˼ȥջաСϲ˹٣˵һģĴʮְȫʱ¶ٿɲǺ⡣ŵ˹Լˣ˹ٻΡ
뿪𣬰ܿȥˡ
˹ٴȥ½нľְܱšŲСķգ֮ʱһЧֵ׳꣬ûвмԵ޹˳½ǿɳܵо˵۹⡣ҵҲûǸĮģ˭˶ףƺѾûһˣ˴⡣
ŵ˹⡣
˹ϵıǶɫڰ贫úܿ죬ȫ֪ԭ򡪡ǳѹĬСĸ顣ŵ˹ʶ̫̫СΪ¸жѣἰʱóᣬ̾Ƕôҳ϶˵İ顣
ÿʱŵ˹վڴߣεϵǡ
һʶ˰زⲻ˵ĻѣΪ»ٵԼһ͸ֵˡ
ִΪ˹ǳ˻еİֱԭڡûйŮѡµһϣŵ˹˹뵽Լغ̸ʾԼŵŮʿԽܸ
ڰ罻жܻӭԼ᲻֪ɣŵ˹Ȼ˺ٲ罻һϣһ󲿷ֹŮԵĿ⡣ӢݡݾĺͳȿɿĸʹԵҲڻҪϳһŵ㡣
Ļŵ˹
ʶĹСУ㽻ľͲʮˡŵ˹̾˿ϲʲôͣҿԸܡ
˹û˵
ϲһ㣬ྫµǲǣŵ˹òԸ䵭һ͸ˡ
ð˹٣˵һôŵ
кʵѡԽܸ㡣ŵ˹ЦпʱпգǼ棿
ʱ˹תͷȴǰδеĮȻ
ŵ˹һ£鼤ŭˡ
Ϊף˹˵ϲǱʲôƵˡһģһˣϸڡ
ŵ˹Цһ¡
ʶ㶼ûк˵˵Ҳȫͬ㰮ϵֻԼĻѡ
˹ƽ˵Ҳʶңʶʶһˡֵĳϣǻ׷ȥһֱЦݣ˵ӣڲڱ֮µҶڹ۲ţһ˿һҲûдҰľд
֮ûпʼŵ˹ŬԼŭ𣬡ҲͲϲ㣬Ժʲôһϵ²ԸϱˣҲҪĥԼ𣿡
ֻҪŲҸе֣㹻ˡ˹ٵ񼸺û¶ȣĲҲûйϵֻҪ֪ǿģҾ;Լȥ
ֱ
ô˵ɡ˹ٵ̬ȻƽĶһжνˡ
ŵ˹ĬһԺô죿ʬһȥǸɴһ֮
Ϊڵ˹ٻź˶ûʲô
ҪžͻţûҪȥ˹ٵ˵ҶԻһЩ
شŵ˹֮Уϵǣһαؼŭˡ
ָ˹ٵıӣΪһʶˣ˵Ҫȥ˵˷ЦĻˣ˹٣Ҹνİ飬㲻αʹԼӱʵˣΪֿЦ»ٵԼһδţһ㣬
˹پȻ΢Цһ£෴ҵǺܸм㣬ڵȻʹ֪࣬һ塣
ŵ˹˼˾໰ת˼Ȧòס˴˵ĳ嶯ܴù˹٣ȥһܰ˴һ㡣
תʱ˹һֱ򶨵ɳϣûһ顣
ǲС˵ˣŵ˹ͣסŲϴųЦᵽǱ飬Դڷٵľôڵ˹ټˡ
ѧˣŵ˹ЦָԴ˴̼ģѹˣ費ҪҲһ/ҩԶĽѣб¾ȥ⸱ʬģǰһΣ
⻰ˣ˹ȴ·ûʲôоֻǳĬɳһȻԼñӣƽǡ
ŵ˹ıٱѾˣһı䶼ûУѵ˵ĵ
վסŵ˹Լ˵
ƺҲ˹һħˡҲǶԷ޶ҡ̬òıԼĿȻԸϣĵѾˡ
˹İ
л˵ŵ˹š

ΥԼŵԣİȫΪע˹ٻᱣܡ
ΪʲôҪ˵أΪˣԴԽԽ࣬ҲԽԽ֪Ǻ»ǻ¡
Ҫ㣬Ҳһˡŵ˹̧ۣһı顣˹ٵȻ𽥳ŵɫ˸ŵĹ
š˵꣬ظһ飬ţû
ƭҡ˹Ȼ˵ȴ޷вӿϣ
ûƭ㡣ŵ˹׶ؿҲϣûֻǷ˼Ķ/ҩֻһҩٶȻֽӷĹԽѵġ
˹۾һȫֳɵĿ⿴
ȥĸ硣ŵ˹˵뷢ıܣȻҲ뿪
ҷġ˹ٸеѣΣţ˼ȴׯϵ˵ҷıܣ㽫һжҡ
ŵ˹˿Ϊ˰Ӣŵɭߣַʽ뿪衣ⶼΪ˾ĸ磬˵ȥӢŵɭ֪Ҿɱ㡣
Ҿ˵
ʲôԸ㣬ǣӦң֮ڣ㲻ȥҲҪκϢ͵Ѿˡ
Ϊʲô˾Ⱥ
ȥӢŵɭһɣ־һжˡŵ˹˵Ҫٵ꣬ҪüĿӢŵɭٹעάŵ䣬£ſȥ
ҡһΣ˹ٻشЩѣкɣҴӦ㣡
ٵ꣬ʹݵģٻϣѾˣǿϲġ
ŵ˹ĬؿʱԲԸıģôȥɣȥ
лҪ˵w

56

ʧ֮, ʱ䣬˹һֱܱڽе, ҲĬլ, Բι֮Ѳ֮ʵ, Խլۡڵĸ䶼һ顣
ϣӢŵɭ϶ὫԼլۡǷʲôҡ֮, ǿġ
, ѰصӢŵɭ˽˷ϡܱĳѲΪڻڰи鱨ṩһӢŵɭڰ˽˷, Щ, ĴͨǾɺн, ٷ¼ϲ鲻
ͨǷֶιõȻȵĶ󣬵ĽȴǣȫѾã˾סֻǹ˶ڴɨʣĴƺûеıҪ, ΪȥһΪϾҲûж
תȥ, һյİ˵·ϵһƫƧסլӽбԵһƻͱ÷塣, Լڽֱߡ
ҲĲ£άŵ˽ֱߵĺһۡ
ǡ
⼸άŵһֱһж֮ǰε飬Ҫ̽סլĿꡣҲһãδȥĲ֪ˡ
ά˹Marsֲĺֵӵڶ򵼣ǹˡжԲǿӦͻ״
С·סլȥѾ⸽Ǳ۲˼գĻǳϤҲ֪ϤסլرӢŵɭһõķͷҲܣƽ߸ԺſڣͥԺǻطԵ÷ɡѾҳѵǱ·ҪǱУⶰ﾿ûˡ
ҲΪǸɵ͵͵ĹǴűҲߣMarsÿжά˹Ҫ𱣻İȫ
һǱʱά˹ΪʲôȥңԸҲȫѵҰⲻɣ
ȷǸð취ҪѲֻͨؽȥιۡĬլʱһǻӣδظӲҲû˻ȥԺ˽լ
ۡܵԱʱ֮裬ΪԼõ˽˷Ҳһش𣬡һ֪ˣһҪĶתߣʱֻ˸ա
ά˹ò˵еǵİжһֱ˽졣
⼸ദάŵ쵽жǳ֮ǿΪٵأһϷһأʲôɡȻ岢׳Ҳãȴʮһûǵĺȡ
άŵСׯ԰ĲݳųᣬϷ¶ȻСһ᳤СͳֻѧûһϵǱж治ɫұάŵʮ־ġ
ֻһ֣ÿһطȻһλųƿᲿµΪ򵼵ȴǣȥʵѾõǱ·ߣÿε򵼶ǲͬˡЩ˸٣֪ÿֵεǱ뷽ʽһͲǻҵ᾿ǴЩŶյĲ£άŵʼհ˼⡣

ǷǽǱ˵·סլԺڣɷݺݶӸ¥Ĵ롣һ¥Ͷ¥ÿȴװл壬ǿƻƱػܴᷢԺֻи¥ϵС˿ѡΪ׵·ߡ
򵼡άŵͿ˵ݶά˹硣Ϸó׼õߣز𿪴򿪸¥Ĵ΢СάŵС̽ͷǰԺ˿ԺûжûԺ֡
֮ǰǱ붼˳άŵΪҲһ˳졣жʱ䵱ȷ棬Ҳ⣬ѹԿ˵ҽȥǾʹһòԾ͸Ͻȥ
ͷСġ
άŵһشӴ¥У˳¥УӰܿûһƬ谵
¥ĳ֪ӶҲǿѾãοǶδɵľլѾԤϵбûջ׷ڸ¥ĴƽصȴţѾ˼һӦʲô
ǵλλݶ࣬бڣԺĻԺǿǵġڵȺƬ̼䣬򵼸ı׷ƵʱȵһƬɶשߣⷿȷʧˣݶƬɹܱɢһƬߴԭȵλ䣬ŵȥ
ƬڵϷ˺ܴ죬¥µİά˹̧ͷſǰԺŲһԺϱߣһ̧ͷͿݶϵˣɷ˵/ǹ۵Ǹ׼
վȲܶϣóǹ׼ɶվһиһȣ徹ߵȥһѪ˳ܻ䣬ۿҪݶ
ʱ׷ȥץס֡Ժǹڶ׼ʱά˹Ѿ˹һǹ˵õĻ

άŵ¥Ͷȫһ飬䶼һˣɥȥһ¥һ۾뿪ʱǹ
תŸ¥ɱ·;˵ڶǹ죬ٶȷ¥Ĵڣһŵɤ۶
ݶһѪۣڷܵıԵֻһֻֻǿץܱߵʯһܵȥˤɲзϡ
άŵΪʹȵֻſݶбȥӽ֮һץס󡣾̽ͷʱ˸ľĻ档
򵼵ǰԺƺµĲҶѪȾ죬ѻԹȥ֪Ƿ񻹻š˵ǣԺضŵĿᣬ߾/ǹȴٳٲ
Լǿ᲻ͨĵˣóȻǹȻ촩˱װϵͷǼֵơ͸ŹһͷĽϦڷ΢⣬ôǴ˼ҵСүƾ⼸Ժĵʶǲġ
άŵҲװ˰/ǹһקſᣬһֱۿݶ̴ѣλһݶϻȥʵڲǹˣǾͶݺݵض¥µԺ˵λǷĻӵ£ʧٵãǸҿǹԿҿǹǾˣ
ֽʵڲŷôһ˲һԺǹڶ׼˿ĺģƺҪȴԥһɿָ
άŵųһ亹ϱߴ򶷵ذά˹Ǳ⼸סˣָæǲʵģֻԼ취
ǣἴ㴦־أ򾲣ֻɫԳֲ԰סάŵ˵ſҰɣҲֻܵӡ
άŵͷһҷ㲻𣿡
Ƴˤ¥׵򵼣һ󷢺ⶰ¥Ȼֻ㣬¥ʮ׸ߣȥˤҲ׶༪١
ǾԲֵܷġ
Եֽһקֻܽؽ¥ԥĻԺԽԽ̲סʣôȥģ
ҡǡ
άŵ˼־ȫˡ
ԺıĻӵ¡ͷסˣҲûҿǹһͬĺȣȥϲ֧Ԯ˻˷ϡ
άŵ΢˿԰ά˹ܵıģһԶҲ·磬ο֡
ֻǣټƬ̡
ʱ˵ģάŵʼ۲¥׵򵼣ȷǷûҲ¿ĽǶԿʲôֻ÷
άŵȵòͷʱȻ˭˵ã
άŵһ£ŵصͷ˵Щʱ𣿡
ʶȤر죬ڿǵάŵġ

ȥ߰˷ӣϲĴƽϢάŵѾｫά˹һ
Ҫֲסʱά˹ĺں㻹𣿡
׳գάŵþȫ󺰣赹ǿҰ


57

һ˽լĺΪ, ˣ˿ڵʧѪ, ¥ʱˤ˼߹, ھҽ㼰ʱ, ûΣԺά˹䣬ֵز, ȻӢŵɭ, ŪôլԺǿ֮󣬾һֻ۱һֻ۽½˹ȥ
ҲȷǶֻӢŵɭĳЩ˽˲ϵĵط, ˲ŻɻԺ, ûסˡ
һΣյľıάŵ𽥱ˡ, ˵౾ܣֱȴ˶СΪ˾һλֻһĲ¶ʵڲΪı顣
ʵᵱʱֻҪ򵼱Ϯ֮ԭ·, ά˹ߣͲκΣա֪лԺ, ȴǺԥȥס򵼣ûץס˵Լ¶ǹ֮£Ҫάŵʱ, ڲ֪ʲô״ˡ
άŵʵڱÿԡĳЩ濴ҲǸͨ꣬ǲصɴĨȥˡ

Ѱһ棬ֻٻ˼·˸ӢŵɭÿȥĶԺԺ֮Ĺʩκοɵص㡣άŵշ鱨½ϣָзĳЩ˿ϧһֻͽ͡
ʱһţĳհάŵڿɳϷŴѾûŵ˹ˣҲ֪˼æʲôΪ֮ͥ׼ٹǷԺӢŵɭܸݺӣŵ˹һüƼĻعһЩ
ʲô£άŵ˵ˣʼղŵ˹
Ͼŵ࣬˹ٽһѲص˵أº˿衣ס˹լΪ˷һʱõϢ
ΪǣƣɫҲ֮ǰ㲡
þַѰôãȴһûУάŵԺʱḡּΪµ뷨
֪뷨˵ڣ䲻ö˹˵
ķǳ־壬ѻֻ־֪˹ٶҲͬĸܡ
ƽ˵᲻Ѿ
˵ˡ˹ٵһ飬ȥܿô˵Ҳŵ˹ʲôƻѾˡ
Ҫ˵𣿡
ͷҲѾ޷ˡ
άŵע⵽ڲ
һ죬Ҷġ˵

άŵּͬ򵥴ֱԥվ˹ߡ
Ĵŵ˹δǺģղƺרעԼĸơᵹڸַ涼Ѱңͬȡ³çһֵֺģӢŵɭ˺ԲδԵֽ
άŵ֪ǴģȻ޷ͬܡ˹һѾƵ˿ҪĵزձµĲ²جξٲȡЧжһᷢ衣
ǣҹάŵ˹һȥܱŵѶңó̾ߣȫ׼˹ѾźжһͻܱӲĬլǿдӢŵɭٶȽ°˴ʩбƹһǰֹܱͬһӣֻҪӢŵɭʵ飬Ǿǳɹˡ
Щ̾ߣ˹аҲޡһ뵽ΣľǱһһظһֻ֣ˣ˵˺һʯĳĥݲǸˡ
׼ֱҹŻصլۡϢһҹ
ڶһ磬˹ٴ룬ɫ¥뼴ܱ̾Ĭլȥȴ¥¿￴άŵͰɾһʲô
άŵҲΪ˽ļƻ˸磬ڣиע鷢ˡ
תͷס˹٣鱨
ʲô˹߹ȥ
ϣɶ˵Ӣŵɭһλþ߼۹һֻҹݺ
˹㶡

峿ʱвڴУƿӣ֦ϵСܵųˡ
ֻСɵĲԽԺǽԶʡ

ڲ緹ʱĶȫ˳
ⶰլѾ֮ãסµĵڶ죬峿ʱ˫ۺȻָ˹ڼ/﷢һ
һʼҴ⣬ֻֿʱģ֪ͻͻȻϵһӽٶһƬޱߺڰصôãֱ죬Ұûгκ⡣
òţŵ˹ƵĽҩãνƷţյĽ
һָܺ׵ع۲ΧĻⶰլ¥͸УլۡĹģΡͥԺƺڲṹǹ帮ۡö꣬԰ﳤӲݣһЩδʹõķ˳
լۡڲһ·޹װ֡ΪĻҲ;Щ޹ķ䣬δʰĶõĿͷӶ˷
ҲͥԺĴʼǽյģźСŶţΧǽúܸߡһΣ˲ע⣬鷿һһ飬ںԺԺǽ߶ѳһªĽݣָܷǽȥķΣգǽ̽ͷʱ򣬷Ժǽ澹ȻѲߣǸ˴۵Сۻ࿴Ƭ̣ͱ׽ǲͻլۡ
ȥˣԹѷδܳɹÿ뵽˹ٵ˻Ϊǣ͸еʮֽǡ
ʱǺƽ֪ӢŵɭΪյ˵ߣΪԼжȡʱ䡣סʱûκΣգδԴĪʧľȥʲôδˡ˳Ӧ仯£Ψһĳ·
һ糿վڴ⿴ʱȻƲԼڵĽֵܸԶĺͱ־Խⶰլۡķʹλãλ־˵ˣȻסڰ裬ȴһû⸽ĵͼһϤ
Ŀ꣬鷿һŰͼڴڶŵͼоһƲԼ֮λ˹˹
ڵͼϵλû˸Ȧ
Ȼ֪ڵҲûʲôã޷Ϣȥź裬ŵͼһתͷͥ԰ͥ԰⼸ԾݣѾģˣľ֦ͷ˽۵Ļ
ʱԺһ֡
λ˹˹öĹۡ
ǲǶʮǰ¡˹ľ𣿣
лҪ˵

58

¡˹, ˹ϥ¶ӣʮǰڹ͢ϵһ֡
˹ڶǰһ¹, ֻһ, ڰȹ˼ʱ, ȴֶڷ겻ٱ綼ĸпΪ˹һ;, ֵͬ顣
ԴӲ¡˹, ҵĹۡͳõĿլΪһ˱ңլۡΪլ, һֱ˽ӹܡ
طʲôʱӢŵɭĳѨˣ
ʵ̫ɡ֮ԶԶʮǰһ˽, ڲ¡˹Ӣŵɭ޹ϵ
˵һλҵС벼Ͷϣ˶лԼڻֺ, ԼȷϳΪԼŮ¶һ׮£ĶӢŵɭ
Ӣŵɭδ飬׮ûɡ˵λСΪµ˹ȣĳҹƺ, ʧӸ¥ˤˡ
һϵеĲҾзҪŪլۡǲڻ˹ҵġ
ȥ鷿Ѱҿܴڵļ, ƺѱ٣լۡжҲκοܳΪֽϣ鷿ֻĳûκ˽顣
·Ȼвͨ, Ŵ֤ʵԼĲ²⡣鷿鼮࣬鼮ܹ֤˵Ķƫãע⵽ֲѧصĴ飬ǵã˹һλֲѧңͨ˵ļǲôֲѧרҵġ
⣬۲˻԰δӲݶѡȻʮȥˣһЩ͵ֲľ֦԰еֲ쳣ӣͨ˼Ҹֲķǹֲӡ֤˵ֲѧݡ
֤ݣܹȷǲ¡˹ľ
Ӣŵɭַ֪ؽ⸮ۡΪУʲôֶβҪڣΪʲôҪռۡ
ö꣬ױ

ĳԺڴСԲתйػ˹ҵ¡Ҫ˯ʱһͷȻԺ뷨֪һ˲佫˼άըһƬհס
ɿشӴ˯Ҳûˡ
ǰóֽʣд¼ַ
¡˹ֲѧҡӢŵɭʮǰ֡͢ᡭ
һ𰸺֮
ǰֽ㶷˰գٽʱֽճ˻ҽ
ڲʱ˽һţþ߾סڰ˹õ꣬Яһֻҹݺм۹İˡ
дȻֻҹݺĸȷɵδ̫ЩƲɵȥġ
룬Լ¾ҪΪɵˡ
Ӣŵɭլۡпÿ춼ÿһζǺȻĳУӲɴ롣鱨һڸĶӴŽ룬ܵصһͱ¶ˡ
ΪǺȻֺȻʧûķѰ˺һܵȴʲôûܷ֡
ڿ￴Ӣŵɭʱֱ˹ȥ
Ӣŵɭ²豭̧ͷЩؿʲô£
չָþߵţ˵ֻҹݺ

˹ԭȵļƻΪһֻҹݺǳˣ鱨̫棬йء
ҴӲ֪Ӣŵɭˡάŵ˵ɵһֻҹݺ
˹٣ҲǵⷽȤ
Ȼ֪Ǯάŵ˵̫˰ɣҪʱδ̫Щ
ɣҾⲻͨ鱨ֻҹݺһԭ򡣡
ʲôԭ򣿡˹ʣҹݺʲôϵ𣿡
˳Ĭ˼Ƭ̣뷨ĳؽףҲԹҹݺΪΣʵϽ׵ȴǱĶ˼·ܿ챻Ʒˣ鱨ÿһھ򵽽Ĳ棬Ȼ鱨ǡӢŵɭһֻҹݺôʵˣʲôˡ
ѵ֮ģάŵ˵
бһۣάŵү㣬ͽ𣿡
˵ͽе˰ɣЦһôҲѽ
˵ﲻ̫ʣ˵СҪģΪ˵ùȥ˵ϾҪ˵ֻҹݺСȫ޹ϵҲš
άŵǾɣţֻǱΣԾһҪ󣿡
˹پһʱ̧ۿάŵ
ţ
Ĺϵô˹ʡ
ĹӡУ˵ĹϵӦǺ䵭ģӢŵɭǰԼáڷͥе˸Ϊָ֤Ϊﷸ˲д顣
⼸죬˹ĵģΪӢŵɭһúöԴ
άŵش𣬡ٱȶҺöˡ
ģ˹Щ⡣
ġάŵͷŵ˵ǰܳġֻһȽ֣СʱҲ֪Ϊʲôǲˣϵһֱ粻
ϵȻ䵭ȴӣžӢŵɭദʽ
˹ٵͷʾԼˡ
ôҹݺʲôϵأάŵüеʮͷʹ
˵ҹݺ򢣬һ뵽ģǰ˹ļһհɣ
ţļһҹݺάŵͷֵԪءŵ˹ʲôϵ
˵ţи֮;ǰ䷿ȡŸͲñŵ˹ͣŷֱͨͨӽ
άŵͷһֱۣ۴ɳϣֵ۹⿴⼸æʲôأ˵ء
˵ʲôŵ˹΢Цһ£ժԼñӡ
յһϢӢŵɭҹ߼۹һֻҹݺǻСͼݳ鱨ɿҹݺ뵽ʲô𣿡
ҹݺŵ˹߹ɳλϣǰ˵ҹݺ
άŵ˵𣿡
ţԭûмһյģΪ·ĲԴ˵֮ҾͽһƳҹݺʽˡ
ԭôġάŵԵͷеε˵˵Ǻ㡭Ҳ֪ôġ
Ȼɶŵ˹˫ۺȻƷôΪ鱨һйأ˹ˣ뵽ʲôСҪݵϢʲô
ô˵Ҳŵ˹ڴ񣬿Цһ¡
һʱ֮䣬˶ŵ˹еѹֻõͷϸ˼Խ˼ͷԽһƬհףԼֻҹݺ֮便ʲôϵ
˵ҹݺ뵽ĵȻƪͯҹݺõ塷Ϊͯδ̫ЩֻĿżȥҹݺŵ˹ܻеһ󳹹ǵĺ䣬ֱҵĽ뵽Լˡ
ˡ
Ӣŵɭ
ҹݺ
ʱ䣬ŵ˹еܹһ㣬ĳİĵطȻ˹
ţ¶ŵı飺ѵѾ֪ˣ
֪ʲôѽάŵżһѣǲ뵽ʲôˣ
ҡŵ˹̧ͷҿܡ֪λˡ
лҪ˵

59

ֽϵָӢŵɭĵҹ, ȥ˰˹ùݣԶɸ߼˹ֻҹݺ, ҹ˯ǰ, ҹݺѾ͵С
һ˳ò˼, ΪӢŵɭʲôϾ, ҹݺ뵽ŵ˹ƺǺȻ顣
ҹݺڽ˿, ڸڷĴǰ˯ŵʱԼ, ʮֱӡʹһҹû˯, ڶ峿ʱȥҿ˿, ΢͸ɴսУҹݺԡڵ֮£Ȼ߽ȥȶǰֻ, еʳҲһЩ
磬ڷз, Ъʱ̧ۿ˿ӱֽ϶ϢӢŵɭӣܸݺｫڻʼҷ̡ͥܶ
Ҳ֪ͼݳȥ鱨ûдɹ
Ӣŵɭҹݺһһûӹ鱨ݵ۾, ؼŵ˹ܲ˼
ĵذеĸֱʣ˼ƮɢȥעѲǰҳϡ
ŵ˹ʱ䣬ԼǾǰȥľգֻ֪ԭǷˣӢƯܹľÿ䣬˵Ƕʮ꣬ʶǻ˵ģʣҲ˵
ңʮӢˣʮ귵ط쵽ڸպöʮ꣬Ҳ˵ùȥһֱֽ̫ͣŵ˹ƽʱȥɵÿȴܳ侲ϽԶԣḻľԨѧʶΪβȥع⻷Ϥ˶óϲܡ
Դϴζľ͸ˣϾһûгʮˣô֪ʮǰĻʼֳװ֡أ
լ֮Уйز¡˹ţٽȥ֪Ƭһһټ򵥲Ȼҡ
ϻ˹һλֲѧҡŵ˹ͨ/ҩѧͬʱҩֲѧҲʵĻܿǼѧ
ʵȿҪӦѾʮ꣬ӽʮꡣڹⳤƯǰŻص衣ʮǰĻʼᣬҽǳĲģȥĹ͢Ƴһģһװֶ֡ʮǰĳ֣ӢŵɭŵɫҰס
Ҫһ㣬ŵ˹ҲӢŵɭ
ȻƲ⻹ϸϵĿհףκһõЩ֮󣬶ƾֱ²ŵ˹벼֮Ĺϵ
ڶʮǰĻʼϷģ²ֹǻô򵥣һž˵ܡ
еָЩ䣬ͷ˸ֱʡ
ҳʱű죬ţӢŵɭ˽
̧ͷӲڰʱֲ֣õԤС
ӢŵɭߵǰɫͻؿѾ³˰ɣ
촽˶û˵
ҪֻҹݺʱһʱûзӦ˵ֱҹ˯ǰһˣǣĴŵ˹йء
Ǳ㷢ˡЩεƲۣأҪתƵһ𣿡
ǵأЩҳɹǣǵжȥ׼Ѿòࡣ˵ֻʣһء
ʲôһأü
ʱ𣿡ӢŵɭЦЦ̸̸

СڿţмһŲ輸Ȳ裬ȥ
֮ǰʹΪʲôӢŵɭ𱡴ɵĲ豭ڣİɫʹЩʣΪʲôȥΪʲô˵˽Ϊʲô鵽زȴԾɲþ񶾵ֶ㡣
Һάŵﵽʲôһĵطʡ
Ȳ̸ӢŵɭЦЦα˸ָ֢֤ΪɱķˣڻΪ޷º𣿡
һȷʵܾȣû뵽ҵ˼·ºȻȻɱҡĥңˣҲõ
ֻһǰ˵ÿԴȥŭӢŵɭԹܱǾĹ۲죬ظоӢŵɭʮֹƲֹҲû˿ı䡣ȷάŵһӢŵɭάŵһߣҪۣȴͬķʽԴ
Ϊ
Ӣŵɭ˵֮ǰʧҲҵµģѵⲻĥ
ԭĿ겻ң˹١˵ңʧҾòԾķ񡣡
ô˲豭
һ׮ɱˣõַ㼫ֱӶĿ¶ΪӶϷ¶ʹ㣬ܲȫ˵
ӢŵɭͷűﻨĲк
Ȼֱ¶ķʽһвš˵ʧ֮ҩ䷽˿ᣬڳ¶㡣֪ǵԺȥߣһа취һµıʳҲ¶߽ʣûҵκβ֤ݡֻƾϵ䷽Ժ޷ȷıҲֻǡ䷽ѡ
Ϊ֤ԼףŸҽ䷽ȥ˵
Ҳ˵ھ¶˶ôصĺᱻ׷Ρ˵ΪʲôɴĶ/ҩѡЧҩأ
Ӣŵɭ˿òԵĵط
ǰЦһ£ԲȡҡЧķʽǡ룬Ǳƶһ߽˭⼸˾ˣһڶ޷ʡ˺ö𣿡
ûô򵥡˵Խ̣⵽ķɾԽء㷨޷κңҲ˻Ϊ߸ҿûսϵĳ˶ɱ⡣
Ĳѵ𣿡ֻܵǳһʵ±
бԭ򡣡˵ҴӦ˺㡣ʱ˹ʧҲܷΧ֮ڣֱɱ˹٣һᴥĵߡ㱻ˣѾˡ
ļƻ֪
ûô޴ҲԼҪǰܻῼ޶ȡ̫ᣬǸӣǸȴÿ£Ҳ봥ŭ
ôǶһ˿棬Ϊ᣿ֽ̧ۣƺҲ˵ͨ
ǡӢŵɭ˵ʮǰҾȥ㳤ʱ򣬿ỹǸеӤء
Ƕʮǰ
ʹĿ⣬ʮǰʲôѵӢŵɭͲµľ֮УҲǣôأʮǰŸճӤʱڵȻһӡûˡ
Ҫ̹׵ľ¡ӢŵɭһжʼڶʮǰĿˡ˵һֱ̬ġεڽһҪԭ򣬶ĸԴڶʮǰ
лҪ˵ƪҲѣǴӴ嵽˿һorz

60

лҪ˵֮ǰ屻ϵͳˣ鷢Ϊ̫౻һµġֶˡܻӰĶ鵫ûа취_(:١)_Ҽ¡
ǰ½ûΪֻ̫࣬ˡϢQAQ
ҹ, ӢŵɭܸݺڻʼҷͥͥСȻһεѶʱϣǵȴ˿ûм, ϯ, ʮұļߵ, ͱʼǱ׼¼̡ͥ
Ӣŵɭһָάŵɱ, Գ֤ͥ, йƲܸݺѱԺ϶ټ֤һϵͥͥ˶ӢŵɭĴ, ͽִ̻, Ժ̡
̷᲻̫ˣϯϵİά˹άŵʵ
άŵ˵Ͼûܻҵһ, ˵ܿסϾͲôิˡ
ǻ֮ͨǼ̣ĲƸȨԣ껺ھ͸ûһά˹˵
ԭҲûָܹصסάŵ̵ЦЦ, ܿҪ뿪ˡ٣ȡӦõľλͲƸ, ӴԺҲĬˡ
ôˣά˹Щʧ
𼱡άŵ˵ûء
䣬ͥٴοڣӢŵɭĬܸݺѾ, ǣ֮ص1890ꚱɱȴٴ֮Сⲻڴ˴ͥ۷Χ֮ڣԺֹͣĵ飬Ҳλע£Ժṩ
ϣϵĶƺҪнʱϯǰվõͳ˵ͥ£ܱǸ1890ꚱɱ࣬ҿṩһЩɿ
˵ŵ˹촩һɫװɫ԰׶࣬μ
ͥͣ¶һۡеĵصѡ˻ʼҷͥǿİšλͥҹܣڿǻʵӵġˣŵ˹вϷͥĹأҲûгֹ
ȫϻᷢʲô
˵ɣ˹ֻ֮ͥϯϯλҲٶһЩϢ
ҹķͥڵƹİ£ŵ˹վһյ£ɫӰһĨ»ꡣ
һв˻ɵĚɱӢŵɭĸΪвڳ֤ȴίŵùȥ¡ΨһֻǴBԴͨҩôBͻҩ¹¼ҩӢŵɭ˻ˣⶼΪ֤ݡ˵ĸȻ֮һûĬլۡĳͲˮ䣬Ӷ˵ʳ
ͥһλĸˣ
ǡ
ôBأ
ȻҩһڲѯҩĹ¼֪֮֮ǰӚ/ҩѧȡôBҲȫǺ˵ŵ˹Ĵ΢΢̣ǣʹõBΣȷԚ/ҩѧᡣ
仰˶ˣͥҲ̧ʾͣһһ£˵ʹõBԚ/ҩѧ᣿
û
⾿ô£
ܼ򵥡ŵ˹ƳһۣΪṩBǸˣҡ
ͥڰôһӣϯһƬȻⷬάŵ֮ǰκһζҪءɫ԰׵ؽͷӶЩ˴ԭأȫ¶˲飬Ψһܱ򶨵ģֻЩŵճıߡ
ţά˹һץסάŵĸ첲𣿣
û衣άŵ̾Ϣţ˦צӣ˵Ķʵ
ά˹㶵ؿʱͥɫʣ֪˵ʲô𣬲
Һŵ˹΢ЦţЩBԴӚ/ҩѧĿȡġ
յעܾʹ˽ͥŵ˹㽫֪һȫ̹׳

1890꣬ͨйӶһɱ֣ί԰КɱķʽӢŵɭʱ/ҩѧΣƷôϸʹһЩСֶΣӿȡĴBͨм˽ɱ֡ŵ˹ʼʱǲԼͬذţ´һʡ
ͥȻ¶ɫȴûдĻ
ɱֺǻαǰĬıְܹܸܿɣڸһֻۡҪڸͣʱ乻ãлӢŵɭʳ˵ϧûô˳û뵽ӢŵɭںҲпɿ鱨Դ˵Լֳںɱֵİɱϣһϵе飬˸Ӷˡ
ͥʱʣôΪûб¶𣿡
˵мˣҲûֱɱּ档ŵ˹˵ȥмʱһװİ磬ʹõҲǼӢŵɭмˣҲ
ͥͷ
ɱֵݱҴӢŵɭûֱӸ߻ɱǷϵĚ/ҩŵ˹˵ߵĳͣҪɱֱԭȵĹΪЧһӢŵɭϾһBһɱ˵Ĵ̿͡Ĺ߶͵ǰģû뵽ôƻȡĶճϵĳ룬˱㣬һɱȫԼĿġ
ͥ˵˵ɱƵģ
ǰע˰ػûȾɫел̣ǚɱǰࡣΪݺάŵ⽫BКαװКΪ˿˲׼ŵ˹˵Ȼ˵˵ĴBȷ֣ҸӶ˵û˿ϵȫӢŵɭơ
֤ͥ𣿡
ȥ֤ʧˡΨһ֤ҹӶɱ֣ϧ³ɺӢŵɭὫڣܿ뿪ĬլۡӴ伣˵޷ṩɿ֤ݣǿԵһ1890Ĭ±䶯714һӶ˽븮ڣ96Ȼ뿪ʹõǰ³Īء
ۣͥô֪Щµأ
ɱȻӢŵɭвȣòΪЧôûԼĹ˭ŵ˹΢΢һЦԶ߸߷֮ǰһôֻдżҸĹӶһͨм˽ҡ˵ȫʵյź֪ҵļƻʧˣʧܣΪҵĵṩ˱
Ƿ㻹𣿡ͥʡ
ţҽˡ˵룬αĴӡżΪ֤ݡ
Ȼġͥ˵԰Ժо֮á
ϣתͷ˿ӢŵɭĬʲôҪ˵ģ
Ӣŵɭ˳Ĭάŵע⵽Ŀʹɫףǰδе
˹޷Ϊղŵṩ֤ͥ˵ȫΪԼ䡣
Ӣŵɭۣҡҡͷ
Ī̬˸е⡣ţͥתŵ˹˵ȻӶ˵ǳı˰ʵҪеΡܹʵǹӶɱɱδȡѧĚ/ҩ
ԺܲʵӣԸܷŵ˹΢ЦӢŵɭֵԵľ״̬ȣԵø緢ҲںԼĽұ˵֪࣬Ǹɱ˷
ͥøӵ۹⿴Σô㾿ΪʲôҪɱĬأ
ʳʵ⣬ҺķôЩࡣŵ˹ϵ΢ЦˣͣƬ̧̣ͷϯϯϵˣ˵λ˼ǵò¡˹𣿡
мһССɧʮǰ¬ĻֺڻֵĲ¡˹һڵϸֽͷ棬ûֵģʮҲ˵š
ֻаά˹һͷˮתάŵ˭
άŵɫЩˣûлش⡣
¡˹ͥظʮǰڹֵ͢Ĳ¡˹
ԡŵ˹˵û


61

Ӣŵɭڻʼҷͥеͬʱ, Ųҹݺǰ̯ݶʮǰľɱֽ, ⶫڱ˼Һҵ, ڻ˹ȴǡϾӵʱͣڶʮǰ, Ӣŵɭռݣȴûٱʹù
1873ʮµıֽ, ûҵκιڻŮϢ, յȷһʮ¡󷭣ʮһ£δҵϢȻʱһȥ, լ̴ۡӾס, ˾ɱֽһֱԷ¡ 
µıֽҵһϢǹӿᡤ÷˹ƶϴıȻ, ݷҵĴͳӡʱý͸¶κϢҪȼºʽϴϢŻ
ԣֳγڱֽϵʱ, ʵѾ´ˡ
ϱֽһƬǽ΢ʰһ, Ȼ﷢

磬Ӣŵɭ˵һ¡
1873꣬ӢŵɭĬѾˡڸǰԾܾڼеĵλҲԳƲ󡣵, ܹĬĶӣ˲֪ĸ׳΢ǰǸӣڰĵλͣ˳ЩԹеһԱ
֪֮Լ֮ڰ㣬ȫΪ׺ӣԸ˶˵ġһ׵ĵӳʲôˡҪøϵȥͲһζĬңǱȥѰµĿɽάԼλ
뵽ֶξǻ
˻ҵİ¶С㣬ȷе˵ǿλС㱳ļ¶ȵ䣬þַӽί򹫾ʾ԰¶ȵİĽ֮顣ʱӢŵɭӵ൱ĻͳݼֵʮϿң֮ӢͿƸ߹ݣױ˻
Ȼȴû׼ԼŮ飬Ϊ¶ѾˡλӵλҲȲӢŵɭǹ۰Ůѡ
֮󣬰¶ȶ飬ֽв¡˹
ʹʱӢŵɭ˴Ĭ˻ѾˣĬĵӻŮ֮Ҫʱ䲻ࡣңΪ˵õĴึô࣬ôƻΪӰ
Ȼ¶ˣô˴ʧͺ

ʮһ£Ӣŵɭյͬ͢ʱ֪¡˹Ҳμһᣬǲɶõ벼±˴˲ʶʶٶ֣δԼɣ˶ӵĳ϶ٺʲ
һǣΪ¶ȫЧֶΡڵʱ붾/ҩѧʮ֮ãɱڷʱзǶԶ/ҩȴУȱسʶö/ҩ֪ɱĿ꣬ӹɵƲá
ѡ׻áҲܷĶ/ҩ顣ͨӬֽҺķȡ飬װһСƿУ׼Я᳡ҺȻɫнصĿζһ֮УͺѷֱóֻжԶ/ҩ״еˣſܲˮб˶
ʮһյĹ͢ϣӢŵɭ벼³μ棬̸¶޽ġʱ룬˶ʼеƣʱȥڵϢһ
ǽϢʱڻˣӢŵɭͲţ̸˰Сʱڵȵֻʣˡô˻ᣬӢŵɭΪƣľƱߵúƺͲĳǰ֮ʱɳϵĲǡñҲȥڣĴȡСƿοƿŨȼߵҺ뱭ס
ٽƵ뱭УҡΣʹжҺͺɫľҺȻһһ֮ɫضžƱصλϣ΢ЦŽӵݸ¡
µȻûɣһߺ죬һ߰ѾƺȥⱭе࣬һѾʱʲô⡣
ԭӢŵɭĻ˽˵ǣѽӽβһʱ䣬ûϢҡ
¶ƵİСʱ֮ڣ³˼ж֢״еͷʹѣʼŻ¡ΪԼˣƬ̺󣬵֫ؾΣȫʹѣڿǻгֽζ֮ʱʶⲻƣж
ʶ𽥱ģҪ߳ⷿȣ˫ȴʹʹڻ֮ǰ̧ͷſڣֻӢŵɭվǰš
ǰһ˲ͷԻָ˶ݵ׸¶ĲǱˣλ̸һòƺƵӢŵɭĬ
ӢŵɭϢҵţȵ³׻ȥ֮ǰ̽̽ĺĺȷʵֹͣˣҲȷϺӢŵɭ΢ܳΪ֤ľƱյԼ´У׼Ժڻس̵·ӽ
ԭƻʬϢҵĴڶ뻨԰ҹĻ԰߻谵ע⵽ʬҪϣ͢е˲Żֲᷢµʬ塣ʱ뿪˻ʹ㷨ҽжҲûɻɵϡ
򿪳԰Ĵ̽ͷ⿴˰Σȷ˺󣬽µߡ
ʱϴһɧ
ľ񼫶ȽţֹͣɧԼйءƬ֮ԽԽ죬˱žȣﺰţŻˣ
ٶ⿴Ż԰ȻߵһŽ˻⡣ǲ᳡ķ򣬶ǻʹ͢͢᳡Ϣһ԰һҲܿ챻
æӿϵĶʱһ֣Ȼ뵽ԼⳡͻĻ֡
ϸ룬µʬ뻨԰ʵȡֻҪѯ̤Ϣҵˣͻ֪ʱͲһɣ罫µʬ𳡣һմ
Ӣŵɭ󣬵ⳡֽ֮ʱµʬһѾճԱϵĽ̿ûĸҽԲ
һ̵ӢŵɭȫûʶԼǶô̺ݶΨһͷǡɱˣʬ𼣡ĨһС

ðűڻеΣգŲµʬϢеȴʮӡԽԽ󣬴Ӵ⿴ֻΧŻ԰ܵһƬﶼ˻⣬ʹһƬѾȫ֮С
е¶úܸߣûӢŵɭʱˣţϯ׼õʪֽסڱǣŲµȥ
뱣֤±ⳡճɽ̿ҪĵطһȻ¶ȼߡŨ̹ȴûз
⼫ӵĻ֮УӢŵɭҲ֪Լߵֵֻ֪ԴͷԽԽˣԽǰߣƾԽңѾǰѡһȼŵķӣѲϽȥ档μĿҲûʲôϡ棬Ҳֱ֮ŨѬ裬Ų·˹ԺôͶԣҪǣԴ֮벼µκιϸˡ
ӢŵɭúòµʬæŻĹԺ˳ȥһҲ˵ء
ŨϿ֮ʱǰߵϵŵһע
òһмģⶫһһţ֪ʲôǣͣ½ŲȥɵС˹
ǰﲻѡ
ǾȻһֻӤ٣һŲ´󡢱ŨѬ۾ĺӡ


62

عʱ, ӢŵɭѾСһ˻س̵ϡ
ֱڣ˻µġ
һɱ, ȻƻѾ, ׼, ʵĳԾֲԺнɱ˵龰ٴΣֲʱֵȫֽű˼άհ׵ĸо
ڹ͢ʱ, Σʹж, ûʱ̫ࡣΧͻȻֻʻڵ·ϵǰδеĿֻ, ȫ亹, ɫһҰסҹɫ谵ĳҲᱻ⸱ɫŵ
ɱ, ɱ˲¡˹ʬ˻֮СӢŵɭΪʵѣԲ߻жҲɱ˵ľ򣬵˿ĺȻü, ʼеںͿ־壬ڰһӿû
Ͼ, һζļʧ⡣ʱüνסҪŻ£ƴס
Ļûȫ, ˣΪԼĴ֮ǰðͷȻǣ£̵ֶɱһ޹ˣϵۻԭ
ֺڰа԰εʱ򣬺ȻоеĶһ¡
Ӣŵɭȫһһӳ
˵ԼʱôˣͷԿհסѣӳ𳡵һ·϶һ㡣״ľ޴ʶ޷˼ԾؾͽӴ˳
⺢Ӿ˭ΪʲôԵŻϣǡþСǾҪڴҹˡ
ӢŵɭСأӤԼڲ౧˳ŻĻʹ⼫˻ңûע⵽ӳ𳡺ͽӹڶجج뿪ʹؽ磬·һʼղ޲֣ûôǱѬˣôһӢŵɭΪڶﱻˡ
۲Ƭ̣⺢ӻţںۿ˿ۣǻûл
ֱʱӲ΢ʼתӡ跨ҵĸĸ֮ǰǲֻܰؼңú鷳Ȼ˳־ȴС鷳ؼ
üӤ˰Σ⺢ӵĽëǵɫģ̶̵ͷʮɫڵɫͽɫ֮䡣
ڶСòʱһƬƵɲǼһԶʱ˳
ڻʹеĺӻʲôˣ
μıͲܴδСŮͨҲҽԼĺӴʹչܡ
Ψһֿܣ⺢ǻŮδ˵ӤϢǵȵӻŮϴ֮Ż⺢Ӳ´ûϴʱ˲֪ĴҲ
Ӣŵɭһ˲ȫѪˣæٵĲʣϺõļɴŽɫ˿ַڲ࣬ĸ֮ûҵĸȴӲ﷭һʮּܡ
ʮּ￴Ƭ̣Խ϶⺢ӳҡǹ͢Ů͵͵չܵС˰ĻʮּܺĽɫ£
벻λСӻСŮΪʲôᱻϣ֮ʹһʮֻңҲչŮûиֻԼȴûаߡЩҪˣ뾡촦Ӥ
԰ɫ˫΢΢˿ͷʮܽ⺢ͻػʹǱμģôͣǰʹ½ᱩ¶ڵ鲼µʱỳɵϣʵʵͻȥˡ
ĽڻʹǰҲУ¬ǰֵҹѲӣûֿɵľٶ
ôֻܽˡ
Ӣŵɭͷ˯ĺӣĬĬһ

ʮӺվɺӱߵһƬĲݵС
Ҫӣ򵥵ķǽȻˮ
ûпǹ취罫ĳ˼ǰȿԱȫҲʹԼܵǣ뵽ʵһԼĺӶʧһȫѲ飬ʱӽܿعңʵһ뵽ģĺΪʲô䵽⡣
ܵɵҲǹŮξǽĿˡ
ǻ뵽ܽӴ⺢ӵһ빬ԺڣĲ¡˹ҲڹԺĳȥһϵµͻܵɣǻ뵽һ˳û֮ʱıɱ˲£ִ⺢ӡ
һĴͼΣˡ
ȫĽ֮ûʵΪĺһ֮СһССӤʬ壬ڻֹĹк֮һѰңˣȻҲӵʬҲĵ𴦡
ӢŵɭվڻĲݴУˣѲڶӤѰԱһʯͷ£ͷյ۾ϸĵɫë
԰޳֣סӵĲ΢΢
ڴϸ۵Ƥ£ܸо΢ĺ
Ϊļìܶ۾ţ۽ǼѿΪԼʹ˺ܴԽһǻعʱֺӾȻţﰲȵغ
ɿ֣¹⿴ԼָھΣжôǿҵɱֻȴһʹϡ
һֳֻԣһ
գӢŵɭٷһߣں¹һȻ˫棬ʧʹ
Ѿûɱһˡ
СͺУΪ޺˽һ壬ΪԼѾĺֺݡɱ˲գ۵ĶʵϣԼ˸񻹲úԶɱһ˾
ڽѾûɱˡ
ʹ޹˰Σе塣ʮ£账ںĶҹĺӱ߸Ǳ̹ǡع뵽⺢ӻ᲻ᱻأ
ԵĲݵϼǸ٣̽̽ĺ
ţǺ
ֿӳ¹ƽ档
Ӧֱӽ⺢ͶУӵͼеö࣬ȲúķʲôҲҪ̫
ӢŵɭӤһߵӱߡ
Ӧ룬˫ۣںϴվ˰Σܶͷûһͷܹ֡
գԶֵֵƹʵһʶʵĿɲȻ˶ֱֵ΢΢³׼صԶԶӳȥˮ
ֻһѡ
ֵǰһ˲ӺȻ۾·ܵظоΣգĴƬ̣ƫͷ
ӢŵɭסˣССʹһԥò׻⺢ӵĿٴɢˡ
˼Ȼʯͷϡ
γԶʧܸգѾƣߣγԡοĺСץ½˵ҲǿǱŻĹУħ֣֮Ųʵٱںĺӱ߻ĲݴУһ㱻ӵɺ
ȻѾʮûֻ֣Ǿ䣬Բͣץ·
ӢŵɭȻزʶĺӲͬ顣
ʲôϣΨ֤ԼС
ɱ˺ĶӡںӱסڻĲݵʹޡһжСΡںޡ̿֡ݶֻһ֪
ֻǸʲôӤ£󶼲ǵá
ȻˣΪʲôһҪɱ
ӢŵɭץץӱС֣öסѾˣ·ʱȥղôϣԼܹɱȴ
ʵԽȥŷׯ԰Ա粨ͿԻİȫҲܵκв
Ӣŵɭ뷨֮ٶ̧ͷ˿ɫʵҹա
뵽ûж£ûнʬ˵ͲӣôʽڻСǡóǰ·ϵɱ֮󣬿һĻᡣ
ɱһ˵ֻýһ
ĳ֣·ϵԭ֤


63

֮, õ
ӢŵɭȥŷݱܷͷȻʼûйʧŮ, ȴһֱڰнб鼰ȫǵѲ顣ûнݸκ, ŷ, Ҳֻмĸ֪Ĵڡ
Լ˰꣬Ѳ鳹׽, ƺѾϣ, ĬλСŮ˻֮СֱʱӢŵɭŽŷذ裬ѳԼ·߼С, Ĭĵ, Ӧ򹫾ٰ㰧, ĬСĬҶάŵã¶֪ǹͷŮ
ֹ˼꣬Ĭ򸾴άŵǰŷׯ԰徲ȴӢŵɭڰ衣ԴԺ, άŵûʲôĻˣӢŵɭÿ, ͻԼҪȴ׮£Ǳ̸ؾ˴ˣҲ˵
ͯ÷į, һĸԡ
Ӣŵɭ𽥴ӳɱ˵Ӱ߳ſʼֵȴʼûб仯һֱΪĴھϵԭ֤
ôʮʱ䣬ûɱˣʱЩֶԼĿģȴ˼һ棬˹ٽãΪ˲ŭλѣ̫飻һ棬Ϊǳǰʱʱ1873깬͢ϵ׮¡һ޷ȴӰȲѣɱˡ
ֱάŵ꣬ȷʵоԼĵλܵв֮ʱſٴ˺޹֮ˡ
ҲµԼСಡԭż´ʱȺ˿ȵĻϺĶҹܻǲףôָ念أ
Ӣŵɭ̬Ҳ֪޷ļϣǿ֮ԺĵطûӢŵɭڻ֮У˶ûˣ̸ʲôۣˣжٻżָм
ʲô֪룬ŵ˹벼֮ϵԼҲġ
ڻ˹СӢŵɭ£ص£𣿡

Ȼ㣬ȴûаͻظĸ͸ߣǽĬҡ˵ҵʱô˽ӵȫͬ
£𣿡
Ӣŵɭľı켣Դʵ⡣ûĬҳͲʶάŵҲ޷ڿᣬѾؾۣûʲôź
óӢŵɭĻش
еԭ΢һסӢŵɭ1873ĳɱ˾ԭ˺̵ܶ£ȣʼ޷Ƕʮǰ͢ϵһҹ˰̡
ˣǰù͢ϵĳֳɹ̼1873ϵһж̵ӡУƵĳʹǰĵĻں޺Ϳ־塣
ľ֧ϵۡ
˵̣ȻӯȴǸϵĻͽֻҪϻϵ۵ԭ£ܹİõȥ
ĻشҪϵֱԲԭ˵νϵ۶Ŀˡ˵ļ롣
ʧȥ־ɣҲһȻԼеλûôء
˼ؿӢŵɭΡ
⡣˵Ҫһʱܻش𡣡

¡˹ţͥ˫üþȵʡ
λͥݼǲе㸡䣿άŵԵİά˹
ά˹ܲ죺Ϸ𣿡
ɵ𣿡άŵؿһۡ
ʱŵ˹̧ͷ΢΢һЦ˵µڻףҾǲ¡
ϯϴȻ֮
ͥ⾿ô£
ŵ˹˵꣬Ӣŵɭ¶ȡ飬֪¿ɻǵã
Ȼǵá
ôΪȹڰĵλϧ¶Ҷ飬ҳİʯòҡŵ˹˵1873Ĺ͢ϣӽңƭҺ²Ķƣжֽ֮ҰԴͼҵʬ׻ʬ𼣡
ͥ˵㲢û𺣡ڵҲʮ̵ӡ㱻ȻĻ˳ȴѾỤ̃Ȳˡ
ֻǱֽϵ˵ǡŵ˹˵һʱȫͣôỤ̃ʵϣ𳡺ҽҵʬ壬ҵ֢״쳣ȴû뵽жǼļԷףֱϢ
űƽһʢУڹ嵱ҲȾߣοҵ֢״ȾߵơȻȾߣֻܲȡᷨҵʬ屻ȥ˻᳡
ⲻϹءͥ˵
ͥʱӵʮֿ£Ҳӡƽ֮ÿߵĲʮˡȻǹ壬ҵʱѾû˼ˣûԸӽȾߵˣοʬŲҲзգұֱͶ᳡ǺѰ¡΢Цһ£ڣҲûȾߣһԵԭжµĺԡ
ôأ
Ʋֻжݿˣͣ˼ͷȴû͸ŵ˹˵/ҩЧ˶죬ҲҶǡ㹻ԣܻҲǸ漣жԼһʱ䣬˹ȴԼں֮ϣ뷨ʮ֮ң
ڻ᳡ͥ׷ʡ
ǡŵ˹΢ЦѾһҺϣһʬһЩԷΪѯǲ֪ǴӰ轼Ļ᳡շת͵˼ŵҺͬһϴʬ඼԰衣
ô˵ʬ嶼Ⱦߡͥ˵Ҳ
Щʲôŵ˹΢΢ʬϼͻḯ۾ԿڳǮݺͷҲû⡣
֮أʣϡʲô£
֮ʣֻΪ¡˹˶óŵ˹ȥĲһ㶼ơο㲼»ţҲӦʮˣŵ˹Ŷʮꡣ
ŵ˹ЦЦʮ֮䣬Ҵ󲿷ʱ䶼ںϣʱҲӢֱ꣬ҲŰ˺Ŀƣ׶׬㹻Ǯͷص衣
Ŀƣ 
׼ȷ˵ūۡŵ˹΢Цһ£ԴӶʮǰҶűһ˵ʼΪ˺ūǲҹȥʲôѾһˣʬΪʹֵĹ߶ѡ䣬ҶȴڴϣӡҸûлصҴʱڼͣǴҵ½ȥӢĶҵܵõСʱȥۿתתĻᣬֻҲԶ
ꣿͥظ
䣬ÿһδֻںͣҶ᳢ߣϧδɹ⸱˵ߵﶼᱻûԸҡôϵҩݺ͹˽ҩôֻʱӢĸۿڷÿֻ׬һǮҲЩǮгһҾͿԴŻߡĿ⣬˽ԷҩΪЩˣȫûգ⵽˶ʱҾ֪취вͨҴ󲿷ʱ䶼ںϣߵĻʵ̫٣ҵȲ𣬾Ǵʱʼ͵͵ѧϰ
̾˿˵ҵӢĸۿһλո߳ʦѧϰģſȷʵҪգڡǴۿͣΣڶݵʱѧ˾տļաƯϵĵڰ꣬ڣֻٴͣڶ̤½أΪԼݣͷڳɹѡ
žĴﴫ΢˿ŵ˹Ŀⶢգ˵շתȥ׶أһ·ϳԹ׬ǮķʱֻԱʱһҪܵ㹻ǮذΪԼƹҩ潣Ǯķ
˵һ۾εЦЦ
Ҵҵа۾˵ҲöֻȥȻ󸴳𣬼ҲΪԼдʱûеڶ·ѡ񡣡
㹻Ļٴθıݣŵ˹˹֮ص衣˵֮λˣһֱ跨ԼĵλѰһὫӢŵɭ˵ɱҪٵӵеһСȨλмˡ
ɱĵܵãٵĬ塣
άŵ˫߬
һ̧ͷӢŵɭӢŵɭѾȥĵ۱˵Щʲôı鶯ҡֺɫȻ¶ĵʹࡣ
ȨΪ˵ȴ꣬ʱ򡣡
ŵ˹ϯ뿪ͥӢŵɭıϯλ˶ûһܱ򷨾ǰ
ӢŵɭĬϴų΢ЦֱŶԷ˫ۣҪµ
ʱеʯȴӶ˶Ϊأһѷϸʡ
Ӣŵɭеһ̧ͷһ˫ڵüʹݽȥֳͫ뵱겼»֮ǰıĿһģһ
¡˹¶һ԰׵΢Цϵ۾
лҪ˵⡣ǳǷ˵Ҫһʱܻش𡣡
ǳôдǲ

64

˹ٿ˿ϵֱ, ҹŵӣػʼҷͥѶҪˡ
վ˹˹27ŵԺǰ, ǾյĻ˹ۡ, Χǽߵ, ǽǽ⣬դҲ˿, ԺڵΡ
ĿߺլۡѲߵ˶ѾµܱƷ, жѸݡȻƻլۡڵƺԴ˺޲
˹ٵһ, Ӧ, Űųص֨ѽƿƺٱ, ط⡣߽Ժ䣬Ŀ⸴ӵؿ˿ΧһƬͥ԰ֻԳģ˻ľ󲿷ֵط˴, Ӳݴ
ǰⶰϾɵĽֻȼȴŵƹ⣬˿Щ, 첽ȥԺоȻû˿أܱ߽Уֻ˼ûӶˣլۡڲر˵Ǳ, ˵˷Ӷ˵ָ¥鷿ȥ

Щɱֽ뿪ҹݺڵң鷿ǰľʵݣ淭һҩʵ䡣
ĵĲ۽ͥʲôӢŵɭܼ̱мʱ׼ܻܿû뿪衣ֻΣӢŵɭôķ
ʵһ뿪Ҳ޴󰭣а취ٻֻʱһ㶼ߣԸӢŵɭ˳ѡ
ҩʵ䣬̾˿ʱĽŲ
ѵͥѾôͻˣ
ŲӢŵɭ
ѴʵܣĿתšźȻƿźɫܱƷž˹ٵӰȻǰ
ȻΣԼ۾ʶԼϣһֱˤ˵̺ϡ
˹ٻϲȱŵܹϥǿĵۣ𾪹ȣڵϰûվֻǽץĸ첲
״εʣôˤĶˣ
û˵ֻ̧ͷƬ̡
˹ҲһԲֱӵϱ˻
΢һ𽥻ָ˼첲ϰһ£ʣô
ҹݺ˵𣿡
ɫһ٣Ц˵ŴȥûлһΪû
˹ûٻӦֱֻȻţƼ˻Ƭ̣ƫͷſڿ˿ϵܱһ𾪵ؿߣע⵽ŻæƿĿ⡣
Цܱڿߡ
˹ԷſͷſڣܱĿһɨŵ˲ʧˡ
ͷЩ죺Ǹ
ЩЦһ˼ϡ˹æסСĵ㡣
ǴĶģ
Ӵš
һ㶯û˵һΪǴܵġ
ϢسլۡУƽʱӢŵɭķʽһ
ⷿܵ 
Уûš
Ȳ˫ۣ۾ܿˣ
ǰŵ˹ҩáЦ˵
˹ϸƬ̣ϸû˵ļҲоҪ˫۾ָյɡ
û£ĵһ䡣
Цҡҡͷ
ǡҵˡ̾Ϣһ
ֱʱŷɫһǰȻ˲١
ߣ˹ǣ֣ȥܵ

ȥ˼Ϊܻлصķ䣬ͬʱܱҲķѲ顣
һ¥һСרźĵطûʹù˹ٽ뷿䣬ǽһȦĴôȥƶǽϵͻͱڼϵװϧûʲôá
ϸڼܣһʱȻͷһۡ
ڲԱһײ֪СʱҲ̧ͷôˣ
ûʲôסЦôôˣ
𣿡
С
ȻʣĵɫԱȷʵЩˡɤӣٳ߰վš
˹תͷĹڼܿȥ񣬼ӹֻͷһۡ
ôû
㡭˹ٲЩȻܸ˵˵Ȼˡ
Ƭ̣ЦҸһңѹüˣûҵʲô
߹վߣ˹ھðһЩѲ䡣ʮӹȥегһ飬δκο֮֮ǰļҲˡͷŵ棬һ£Ȼһγ彣
ýн̺һĿӣȻѷ촦̺ǹĴʯ棬ֱҿ̺ûֵܷذκһɶĵש
ȥղŵķ俴˹ȥǣ֣ȴשʱԼѾŪˣæջ߬ȭ
Ķ͸ȥסĸ첲˹ͣ½Ųͷ˿
ǸôáɫΣЦЦģȴ˿ЦҲûܼ

ǰķ䣬˹編ƣ̺ѷĳӶ˷ĵҵһɶĵשƿשܿİ߲ʯ壬ܵҲЩͷˣڹжеִͳֻܵܵڲûھķ֧Ͳö֪ˡ
ʯ¶µĽݣһֱͨİĵص
˵լۡӢŵɭһԶ˵ͨǱߣǶӻҲܵĬլ˵ء
Ҫȥ𣿡
һȥ˵ͨ˽լӢŵɭǷʵˡ
ͷͨ룬Ӣŵɭںܵ˷֡˵ףܽЩصûõó֤ݣʣµĶЩ޹ؽҪС׾ܻǮ뿪衣
˸еġ
ʱ˹̧ͷ˰ɣ
á
ؼҡվȻٻ顣
ҿ㡣Ҳվ
ʱ̫ˣǶż㡣˹ߵߣһҾȥ˯Ͼܿˡ
ҲСһڻ̫ߡ
˹һͣ뵽һ˼ǰ뼴̷ش˴ٴδԼʧǷƽʱôƬ̵ķ㲻ʲôǡǳӿ˼룬Ѿˡ
ץסֱۣ촽⶯һ£Ȼ㻹ǡ
û˵꣬סЩ졣
ɣ ˵
á̧ʪ۾ЦЦ͵͵ģһᾡãϢ

ͥһ̣ŵ˹ȰصĻأгһϸӢŵɭĲϡһĻڳǾΪʻᱻ籨ϡ
ȻӢŵɭѪǱˡͥŵӢŵɭʮǰΪչϸ飬ռ֤ݣִС
Ӣŵɭ뿪ͥصĬլƬ̣˹˹27űܱ鳭Ϣ
˻ô̴£ĬĬֱߵ޹¯޹²ɢ𽥳䡣
ЪƬ̣ʱ̴ţˡ
Ӣŵɭ۾һˣ
ǵġ
̾Ϣһ 
лҪ˵ղ׺ˡ𾪡

65

Ὣլۡ, Խ͵ķ䣬輸ѾȵĹ衣
ɳ, Ӣŵɭʣŵ˹, ֪˶𣿡
Ҳͷ˰ɣ
Ǵȥʱſʼĵ, ֮ǰ˿ûвЦЦʮǰ, ෽³, ֪ʬձȥ˻᳡ôҲ벻ܻοòһǰӰӶûС
΢ЦֻһҲͰˡӵ˰¶ȵ, ֪ĳж𣿡
֪Ӣŵɭɫ
˵Լ˽Ⲽ, ˽ŵ˹һ/ҩѧᣬ֮, Ӣŵɭʮ⣬еĹÿμʱ۲
˱Բʵ䵭˼Ѳ, ֮뷨Ӳ֮ڿڣ֮ͥʱ, ¶ȵֻһʼһΣòġӢŵɭóֻᵽֵʱеӶӿġ
ܴߺۡ
ô֪ݣӢŵɭʡ
˵, ѰĹʶ˵һֱ֪ԼһãڶʮǰĴʬȴƾʧּ裬йֲ²⣬Щű߼ʵֱʮ꣬ʼ¡
ʹиసɹģȵ18731874ڹ¶ԺǼǵĺӺͰ˼СǵƬȫˣûһҵáһ˼·Ŀת壬Ĺ͢ԭ忪ŵģҹȫαһӵ
Ӣŵɭ²ҳμıһһɸȥ
û˵һˣЩ˼Уĺ֮٣Һܿ콫鷶ΧСʮڣ󼸺ʲôΪʵ̫ˣֻҪһƬҾȷݡΨһҲŵǣҵôĵطʮ꣬ȴδûм
ҷʱһѾˡ
ӢŵɭܿĿ⡣
ҵĵ龭˺ۣܶշ࣬1890֮꣬󡣡˵ʱҼҵĵٿôһ㣬ҾͿԾ
Ӣŵɭû
ǵģˡ˵ǲμӹ1873ı֮һһɵĶԼʹϵܣҲûȥ㡣ҵģŵ˹
Ӣŵɭ̧ۣǾʶģ
ԣ֪ҵ֮󣬲ûеһʱңǵϵ˽꣬Ÿࡣ˵ľĿģʱ䣬˵˳
ӢŵɭЦΪǸѡ
ûҲͬĿģһվһߡ˵
أֻǱˣ
ǵġ򶨵˵㷢ҵĵ㲻Ͷϣʮǰ࣬ҵĿˡҴӦ㣬ʵġ
ΪҲòϣӻȳݶҲӡңʱŵ»ˣûгױңҲ侮ʯ
ҲҡӢŵɭ˵
ᴹЦһ£Ҫҵİ׾ѷɵƲãֻҪĻҿˡ㣬֮
ĹʧҲһʹ
ֻҪȻҾ鷳˵Ȼϣܹ뿪裬ŵ˹㡣
Ҳ⡣˵һ⣬ʶʱƺάŵжУΪʲôȴıˣ
ǶСҸ˽ʲôˣֻǵܱԼǣȥƯ磬վҲ̫졣˵ȻսթɥȴҳŵһᱣҲҽһȽϣһʱԾ񡣡
أڵѾʤң
㷸Ĵʵ̫ˡɫ䵭ڹ͢ľˮ¶Ϊɱһзִ磬ҿԭ㣬ȴ㡣
ο÷˹ƶ¼ﶼչӥǻĽ˿ȸûԼ֮£뷨δ̫ˡѡ뿪ȥάŵԴʲôʸ๣άŵûй
Ӣŵɭֹһ䣺߹Ȼвӥ
֮Թ壬άŵŵ˹ʲô޹ء˵ң¾ˡԣþ춯뿪
ӢŵɭЦĺˣʲôҲһͨ㡣
ޱˣԼء
ӢŵɭıӰȻ˵£һ䲻Ҹ棬Ҳ㱨ҵĿˡ
ʲô
ۼˡ¶̵΢Цܾó
ͷЦЦлҸ档

߳ĬլԼԱ߿һƥλİĿתȻάŵ·ߺͻ˵һ˹
ܽȥ𣿡άŵʡ
㲻ȥʲôЦЦ
̸̸ֻάŵ˵ɫôô˵ʲôˣ
ҡҡͷû¡ñȥȻؼңҲ¬ˡ
άŵƬ̣˵˵ʲô͵Ƿƨ²߻ԴǴ˱ˡôӦòƻɣ
ǆ¡̾˿ôܲһ㣿
άŵЦźһˣҲǷǼɡ
תϳ򿪳άŵѾƥ
Ӣŵɭߣȥ׷𣿡ʡ
Ȼάŵ˵ܵĿѺŵ˹ȲֵһᣬұõӦеĳͷ
ôأ 
׷䵽ĺǣɳβҾԼ֡άŵǰЩñңҲŵ˹һ
ĻشһЦܱǸҰﲻʲôæ 
άŵЦƳһۣԼ𣬱Ҳòŵ°æ 


66

ֹ֮ͥ, ʼҷͥٳûϢҲ˵ʮǰǷҵʲô֤, ҵ, ʱЧѹ, Ӣŵɭδ̡ܱ
ڵͥڷһѾֽͨзﴫȫǣ, Ӣŵɭĸ/Ŵμ, ʮǰĲ°ɨءοѱλսĬլʽĹͷ˵ټ, ڰûκ洦
Ƕʱ, ѾΪ׼Ժ, ưԼʣĲƲԺٴδ֮ǰͻ뿪裬뿪ǰĳңϣ
ȻΪάŵĿѾ, ľλƲҲѶأϸ, 1873겼°1890ĬլۡɱȥԼɪɭ֮ʧӢŵɭ̣ǽϳ, ͷ̫ˡοݲ鱨֪Ķлֹڴˡ
ֻ֤ݲ㣬귨ɵĿӣȨǮΪĳ룬ͿɱԼȻݡ
һգȥ¬ݷÿᣬ뿪ʱͻ룬ɺĬլۡʻȥ
˹һ࣬ҪȥӢŵɭ
˵Ҿǿ·
˹һͷˮظһ·ʼտŴ⿴ԼʮӣǾһƬӱ߻Ĳݵأóͣ£Լ³ӡ
ĵصλñȳףҪʯײȥ߽û׵ĻĲݴУ򶫱˼ʮֱһʯͣ
˴Ĭլһ·̣ǰһƬƵĻĲݵأҲƵʯͷӢŵɭĵصδؾʱʮ꣬ӰϵĻ˱仯Ҳϲʹ޵ĵطǺδˡ
ߵӱߣᲦ˲峺ĺˮһСƬ΢
źԼĵӰζûж
˹ʼոߣ̲סǰִӺˮԼϣԭͺںˮһøӱˡ
عƫͷ˿
ˮ˹ٿһĦֱôˣ
ͦġ˵ĩʮˮ¸ɣ
ʮ£
վĲݴĺӰϷ죬һֱģԶûǴСʱ⸽
죬Ӣŵɭ˵һɱ֮С¡˵һȥ

ϣ˵˹լСۣ͹ڿͷס¡
дţʮһϴ˯ˡҹ˸Σμ¬һƬ֮Уŵ˹ǼɫǶʯȣվ漫ĵط
ͷЦЦձӷ·ҪڻڻС
ټ˵仰ת𺣡
Ҳ㲻ʲôجΣʱƽƿ˿ʮࡣ
һţ̣֮ûʲô˯⣬ȥ¥Ļ԰һķǲƳɵģ͸ֱӿγǿա
¥ƽʱǲƵģѵƵϣ¥µע⣬ûãɾ¥ˡ
 Щ죬ôˣ
ӴǰתһۣҪȥĬլһˡ
ɵͷõģһóǰ׼
û£ҹͻȥ˯棬ĳЩҹʱ̣Ժ·ϲй͵Ƶ
һȥ𣿡һ䡣
һˡ˵ͷ
һʱط˯˹ٵĿͷûţŷ©΢ĵƹ⣬˵һָ̧źؾʹˡ
ֻһ򣬹ʮֻ谵˹վڿ˵ˣ
㶣Ѳڵ𣿡
һֱû˯ղȥˡ΢΢һЦͿŵȵȿʱ
ȥӢŵɭ˵仰˵һߡ
Ҫȥ𣿡
áͷһ£뵥̸̸
˹ٿһ˵ʲô
̧ͷЦЦ£
²ҲЦЦ˵֮ԼСһ㡣
á
˹ͷȥ˯ɣ

ԭȷʵֻ뿴һۣ˵һת뿪ʱ˹һֲ֪Ǽįɬӿһʱ಻סֽס
ͣסŲת
ҡʱЩΡ
˼Ƶģ˻˵ǲҪǣ
ʮӣȻٳɣֱӽקһֹֻϷţǽϣͷҧҧࡣ
ûºۼҧһ̧֮ͷõƵʣǽ
ϲ֪˵ʲôֻǱܵص˵ͷһͱһĿϣһʼŵģ˹Ĵһ֪ΪʲôˣڻУ䵭ĺζմȾ⡣
νǲ̧ۿ˿ӣȻѾȥ˶ʮӡ
˹Ҳû뵽Լôʧأϵ¹ãָĨȥ۽ǵۣ۵ʣΪʲôֿˣ
ǵúСģǸһͣЪЪӦòᴭŶԡ
û˵ϱ۴һ۾˵Ҳˡ

ڶһ磬ʻͥԺʱŵ˹ڶ¥͡Ĩ˵ͣĿ׷Զ˵ôʲôȥ
Ŀò׽迧ȣ˵ȥӢŵɭ
ŵ˹΢΢üʲô
㾹Ȼ²Цһ£ҵ⣬Ͼ˫ӣ뷨ʱҲơ
ͱˡŵ˹εصһۡ
ҲάŵΣǲϧƴҲҪӢŵɭ۵ģ𣿡ʡ
ǵȻŵ˹Цһ
ڷɲܳ£Ҫʩбǰһ/ɱˣԶɱ
һҲںʲôֶΡŵ˹˵
ܱԺ̣ȻԴҶáһڿȣܣгˣͬʱҲ˷ɣ֮֡
˵Ҳں
ԲںЦЦиõİ취أ϶ѡȫ㣬ȥɱˡȻԻ١
ʲôõİ취
ǰҲ˵ӢŵɭΪӱдѹһֻεڽԼµԴ˵ɱϵĿ־͸Ρ˵ʮж֮ϣΪԼȷʵϵ۵ԭ£ľһֱôȶ˵ĳ̶ֳϣ˶ʮǰȵ壬Դǵ̴α»ᷢʲô
ŵ˹ɫò԰ס
ҲȥףҲᣬһᷢ仯İá˵˵ľ޶ȵģǸеˣѾ첻ˡػ㲻ûء
ŵ˹Ȼվ
ôˣ̧ͷ
ӢŵɭġôΪ˵ļ仰͡
Ӱܴ˿ڡᴹۣҪСԴǵɱץסߡ¶ȣ˵ϼ䲻ĻҲ÷裬ɱҰɣ
ŵ˹ֳϣһ
ӣҪʲô
ҵĳˡ˵Ҳô
˵꣬ܳ˷䣬Ƭ̺󣬿ӴڿһƥԺ䣬ղ뿪ķȥ
һڿȣ΢ЦǲķӦ
лҪ˵ǵˣƴдһСθϷΪʲôҪΪԼ
⣬ȻڵǸˣ˲ɶתˣң۾

67

еò, û᷵ͱŵ˹׷ϣǰʮԶλ, תͷ, ·, ȫס˳ݵȥ·
򿴼ͣס, ôࡣ
򿪴, ǰͣڴǰĿ⸴ӵؿż𣿡
ҡҡͷ
ŵ˹ָָ·ߵĿȹݣǽȥ, Щ˵

͵ĿûüȾ˳, ʱҪһ˱衣µ糿, ֵϻʮ䣬ȹﵹůģֻ˯ĸо
ŵ˹ĻһߣЩŵʣôģ
Ǻʲôû˵ЦЦ, ҵȷô
㡭ŵ˹ɫ΢ô
̧ۿ
֪, ٵҵİּάŵһУ㵱Ȼˡŵ˹ܿĿ⣬ָ, 㣬ȴûаͻ¬ʹ𣿡
ҡͷҶԴûʲôо
ΪʲôҪ¶˵ѣ
ֻǲԣΪ߱
òҪŵ˹
Ϊʲô¶飬ǲҶˣ
ǵġͷûЭ޷ڶ̶̼֮ڰƵء
ǾΪʲô
Ĭһôǣβ̧ͷڡ
ʶתתıӡ
ҵĻ΢һס˵ڿǵҺάŵ֮ǰӦ뵽ԼӢŵɭûп㣿ǴʲôʱΪʲôſʼЩȥҪ˵ѡ򣬽һڡ
˼һ˵ȰԴѵ𣿡
ŵ˹Ŵ
Ϊ룬ס¶ת˲ŵЦݣô죿Ҫ뿪ˡ
֪ǵʲôƫͷȥҲ𣬵ҿ㱣֤Լɱ𣿡
ģ
ҲǺϧġʱʢŭ֮£ȷʵԵòһСֻһеˣŻԸԼᡣĿ⣬Ȼʧȥ˺ܶ࣬ڲһСʮˣȥĲ¡˹Ѿ͸ˣûбҪΪЩһΡ˵ɣѵΪλɽΪ˸ɱԼɵ£ͬģҲᡣ
Ȼ
⻹һ仰һҪ˵˵ʮǰǸҹجεĿʼҺܸҶȡɱңȴ˾㣬ڤڤ֮춨
ҡ
ŵ˹ҡҡͷֹסĻҵĿѺ֮䲢ûйϵȫûҪ˸Σ޹ġΪҶǣ£ܳΪɡһֱҺάŵĳ޶صѹϣҲϣָһӡ
ֿãͷ˼ˡ
΢һ
ȻЦһ¡
Цʲô
ǰǸҴʮˡ˵쿴е㳤ˡ
ŵ˹ûءСһ漴Ҳ̲סЦ
⣬ǱˣԼֹңȴ˼֣Ծ㵱ǹʹ
һڸ·Ͼ뵽ˡŵ˹̾Ϣ˽ҪĿȣһʮˣʮСˣתǿ¡ˣȰ㱾ҲҵΡ
ЦЦⱭȣҾȥӢŵɭ
Ҫ˵ʲô𣿡
İɡ˵Ѿˡ

ĬլֻһͶӢŵɭ˵ȥӱ߰ɣ㻹ҵǸط𣿡
̧ͷ˿Ըܼȥ׼ʮӺͣںӰĳߣ˳ʯ̲ϡ
žӢŵɭŶ԰ģķ羰һ㱡ããͬþ
˵ѥӲڴĲҶϣ΢죬ӲݴһСʯӣſյĺ׹ȥʯͷںˮϵ£Ȧճӵס
ַӢŵɭ˵
һĿ˵ĻҪ
Ĭ
ʮǰȻңȴԸıҵĬҹ¶س븸ĸֵɢʮꡣһ˶Թ㣬ȻˡŶԷɫת˻棺Ϊһ˵ɣ
Ӣŵɭ̧ۿ
Щ˾һ㶼ȡһΪҴСԹ㣬ΪҵҪɱҡиθУԾܿңʱĬլֻʣˣҲԸ˵ּһöʯӣȴٳû׳ȥֻ棬һ£Ҷ1873귢һһӡûУʼԹ㣬ڷάŵ¶֮֮ǰҲ㵱ɸ磬һȻҺչˣȴе䵭̫Ըҵˡ
Ӣŵɭţһ
СʱΪʲôô䵭ΪǼĺӣߣΪ˽ӣҾάŵһûкøСάŵжӣҳԷˮҲøСģҵʳ¶ҾʲôҲĺöԾļ衭ΪʲôҪüַʽ뿪裿Ϊ룬ڳάŵ֮ڶҪɱ˾͸ңȻˣԼʧ
Ҳõҵ̬Ⱥìܡ˵Ȼ˵ÿȥ㣬ǺᣬӦߺ͹ңڸ涼ұչˡұʾҪ/ҩѧʱҲ֧֣֪Ϊάŵѧĳûκκôȴӡ
˵ţ΢̾Ϣһ
ΪʲôôìܣȺңֱҪҡΪҼ֤УΪΨһϣ˵˵ûɣ
ӢŵɭĬĬͷ
ҲףֻҪ仰ͿԻٵ˵ĬЩȫ㵱ҵ塭ҵĻѻǶô׾㶼ţΪǱʶһֱԹ㣬ھֲ֮ɱңʮȻԴ˺֪飬ȴʼռҲΪӰ
ԭǴ˵˵ĻѻġЩô˵ܸţΪ˼һϡ˵ڸıˡ
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ûз̵Ŀܣŵ˹˼һ£Ҽǵ֮ǰܸݺ, ޿֣
ʲͬ, һ̣ýǮ, ԰ġ
ŵ˹Цһ
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˹ٽдɱת˰Ȧ, ˵ʲô
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˹ĬȻֵĿ񻶾Ǵ޵·ͷ׵ĻеУмӲĻʳ飬ϵһ쵳ǰȥʱǳ񻶽ڡ
ˡ˵ò׸˼죬ȲҪˡ
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ȻױҪĥ䡣 
ûҼǵã¶ȻױʱҲһӡ
˹ԣĬ˰Ρ
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˹һһֱʣ¶ȵꡭûĹ𣿡
ɹŵ˹˵Ҹջذӣþַ̽йϢ㽫ҵʬӻ᳡˳ֻǱĸֹˡ
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һʶ֣ƬϸСĻȴǴָˡ

Э͹㳡һ·ԶԶؾ¬Ӳʳ/ж͵͵ܳվڽֱ΢һװȻŻʹķȥ
¬ǰĽֵϣȻ˿ᣬվһʳԲ࣬˵ʲôƳ߹΢΢һ֮ͷ
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ôЦЦ
Ц˵һ£⡣
˵ɡ
̧ۿMarsɣ
סˣȻеǰţβŻعʣΪʲôô˵
ά˹鱨ΪУ˵ľMarsδ׿ϣǱ뷨Marsܲȥһš˵ԭûκϣû뵽龹Ȼô˳ֹܲά˹ȫվߣûκϿҵʱ;һͷˮ
һƾ
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ҶMarsķչ켣Ҳ˽⡣˵ǰMarsǰڰ裬˵硣˵ǲ˵Ǳ辯Χ˶ںһ˵Ϊ鱨ʾ߻ǴΧˣ㵱ʱʮꡣ
鱨ɲ˶֪ġ
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ҲӿŲǰߡ
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ü˼Ƭ̣չ˫üˣǸϢһҲν
ϢЦſ
Թһ㣬ȻǺϢ˵ԭͲմ鷳¡
һˡ
ҿɹܲšһ̯֣ҵֵܣҹʲô
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